[325] Charvaka and his followers recognise perception as the only source of knowledge. They know of no more than four elements, namely, earth, water, fire, and wind, or air; and maintain that from a particular aggregation of them in bodily organs there results sensibility and thought, as the inebriating property is produced by the fermenting of several ingredients; they deny the soul to be other than body. [326] Veretrum cum duobus testiculis. [327] Veretrum, urinam vel semen emittens. * * * * * SECTION THE TENTH: ON THE SYSTEM OF THOSE WHO PROFESS THE DOCTRINE OF TARK.[328]――_Tark śastra_ is the science of dialectics; it is divided into sixteen parts, as follow: THE FIRST, _Pramána_;[329] this is the application of the science, which is subdivided into four parts: 1. _Paríkshá_;[330] that is, evidence, which with them is the sense of discriminating what is particular and well defined; 2. _Anumána_;[331] that is, after having perceived the mark of an object, to infer its existence; thus shall I call a mountain _igni-vomous_, on account of the smoke which proceeds from it; 3. _Apamána_;[332] that is “resemblance;” thus I shall say: such as is a cow, such is also an elk (or gayal);[333] although I may not have seen an elk, but only heard that it is like a cow; 4. _Sabda_;[334] that is, “sound:” by these they mean speeches which people adopt as sacred; such “as the Hindus have the Vedas, and the Muselmans the Koran.” These are the four parts which constitute the _Pramána_.