Niebuhr to De Morgan: A.D. 1765-1897 76 Niebuhr’s ‘Voyage en Arabie’: A.D. 1765 76 Grotefend begins the Decipherment: A.D. 1802 82 Morier identifies the Tomb of Cyrus: A.D. 1809 85 Sir William Ouseley’s Travels: A.D. 1811 87 Sir R. Ker Porter becomes the chief authority: A.D. 1818 90 The Sphere of Discovery widens—The Elvend and Van Inscriptions: A.D. 1827 94 Rich visits Persepolis: A.D. 1821—His book published: A.D. 1839 96 Westergaard copies Inscription at Naksh-i-Rustam: A.D. 1843 102 Major Rawlinson at Behistun: A.D. 1837-44 102 The French Expeditions: A.D. 1840, Texier 115 ” ” ” Flandin and Coste 118 Stolze’s Photographic Views: A.D. 1878 128 Dieulafoy: A.D. 1881 131 Lord Curzon: A.D. 1890 131 Susa visited by Kinneir, Rawlinson, and Layard 133 Loftus excavates the Apadana: A.D. 1852 135 Dieulafoy discovers the Lion and Archers friezes: A.D. 1885 138 De Morgan and the Old Susian Inscriptions: A.D. 1897-9 143 Inscriptions found in Egypt 146 CHAPTER III Decipherment of the First or Persian Column: Tychsen to Lassen: A.D. 1798-1886 149 Niebuhr gives the first Old Persian Alphabet 149 The predecessors of Grotefend: Tychsen and Münter: A.D. 1798 151 Hager on Babylonian Inscriptions: A.D. 1801 163 Lichtenstein thinks them Arabic 166 Grotefend deciphers ‘Hystaspes, Darius, and Xerxes’: A.D. 1802 168 Discoveries on the site of Babylon: A.D. 1808-11 192 Rich’s Two Memoirs 193 St. Martin introduces Grotefend to France: A.D. 1822 195 Rask identifies two letters: A.D. 1826 202 Burnouf’s ‘Mémoires sur deux Inscriptions’: A.D. 1836 204 His Translations 215 Lassen’s ‘Altpersischen Keilinschriften’: A.D. 1836 220 Holtzmann’s charge of plagiarism 223 CHAPTER IV Beer and Jacquet to Rawlinson: A.D. 1838-46 237 Jacquet’s contributions to the ‘Journal Asiatique’: A.D. 1838 239