[229] Neckham, "De Utensilibus," in Wright's _Volume of Vocabularies_, pp. 103, 104. Unfortunately this work of Neckham's was not written to explain the construction of motte castles, but to furnish his pupils with the Latin names of familiar things; a good deal of it is very obscure now. [230] See frontispiece. [231] _Acta Sanctorum_, 27th January, Bolland, iii., 414. This biography was written only nine months after Bishop John's death, by an intimate friend, John de Collemedio. [232] Guisnes is now in Picardy, but in the 12th century it was in Flanders, which was a fief of the Empire. [233] This description is from the _Historia Ardensium_ of Walter de Clusa, which is interpolated in the work of Lambert, Bouquet, pp. 13, 624. [234] Yet in some of the later keeps, such as Conisburgh, where we find only one window to a storey, the room must have been undivided. [235] See Wright, _History of Domestic Manners_, p. 26. [236] According to Littré, the original derivation of the word _motte_ is unknown. I have not found any instance of the word _mota_ in chronicles earlier than the 12th century, but the reason appears to be that _mota_ or motte was a folk's word, and appeared undignified to an ambitious writer. Thus the author of the _Gesta Consulum Andegavensium_ says that Geoffrey Martel, Count of Anjou, gave to a certain Fulcoius the fortified house which is still called by the vulgar Mota Fulcoii. D'Achery, _Spicilegium_, p. 257. [237] See Appendix G. [238] See Appendix H. [239] _Peel, its Meaning and Derivation_, by George Neilson. [240] See Appendix I. Cohausen has some useful remarks on the use of hedges in fortification. _Befestigungen der Vorzeit_, pp. 8-13. A quickset hedge had the advantage of resisting fire. The word _sepes_, which properly means a hedge, is often applied to the palitium. [241] This list or _catalogue raisonné_ was originally published in the _English Historical Review_ for 1904 (vol. xix.). It is now reproduced with such corrections as were necessary, and with the addition of five more castles, as well as of details about thirty-four castles for which there was not space in the _Review_. The Welsh castles are omitted from this list, as they will be given in a separate chapter. [242] The list is brought up to fifty by interpreting the _regis domus_ of Winchester to be Winchester castle; the reasons for this will be given later. The number would be increased to fifty-two if we counted Ferle and Bourne in Sussex as castles, as Mr Freeman does in his _Norman Conquest_, v., 808. But the language of Domesday seems only to mean that the lands of these manors were held of Hastings castle by the service of castle-guard. See D. B., i., pp. 21 and 206.