[260] _Testa de Nevill_, i., iii., 236, cited by C. Bates, in a very valuable paper on Bamborough Castle, in _Archæologia Æliana_, vol. xiv., "Border Holds." Mr Bates gives other evidence to the same effect. The early existence of the castle is also proved by the fact that Gospatric, whom William had made Earl of Northumberland, after his raid on Cumberland in 1070, brought his booty to the _firmissimam munitionem_ of Bamborough. Symeon of Durham, 1070. [261] _Vita S. Oswaldi_, ch. xlviii., in Rolls edition of Symeon. [262] This was the opinion of the late Mr Cadwalader Bates, who thought that the smallness of the sums entered for Bamborough in Henry II.'s reign might be accounted for by the labour and materials having been furnished by the crown tenants. _Border Strongholds_, p. 236. [263] Bamborough rock has every appearance of having been once an island. As late as 1547 the tide came right up to the rock on the east side; the sea is now separated from the castle by extensive sandhills. [264] _M. A._, v., 197. [265] _Domesday_ mentions the destruction of twenty-three houses at Barnstaple, which may have been due partly or wholly to the building of the castle. I., 100. [266] From a lecture by Mr J. R. Chanter. [267] The _Fundatio_ of Belvoir priory says that Robert founded the church of St Mary, _juxta castellum suum_, _M. A._, iii., 288. As Robert's coffin was actually found in the Priory in 1726, with an inscription calling him Robert de Todnei _le Fundeur_, the statement is probably more trustworthy than documents of this class generally are. [268] Nicholls, _History of Leicester_, i., 110. [269] D. B., i., 233b. [270] "In Ness sunt 5 hidæ pertinentes ad Berchelai, quas comes Willielmus misit extra ad faciendum unum castellulum." D. B., i., 163a, 2. [271] "Castella per loca firmari præcepit." _Flor. Wig._, 1067. See Freeman, _N. C._, iv., 72. Domesday tells us that FitzOsbern built Ness, Clifford, Chepstow, and Wigmore, and rebuilt Ewias. [272] Robert Fitzhardinge, in his charter to St Austin's Abbey at Bristol, says that King Henry [II.] gave him the manor of Berchall, and all Bercheleiernesse. _Mon. Ang._, vi., 365. [273] It is not necessary to discuss the authenticity of the story preserved by Walter Map; it is enough that Gytha, the wife of Godwin, held in horror the means by which her husband got possession of Berkeley Nunnery. D. B., i., 164. [274] _Mediæval Military Architecture_, i., 236. [275] The gift of the manor was made before Henry became king, and was confirmed by charter on the death of Stephen in 1154. Fitzhardinge was an Englishman, son of an alderman of Bristol, who had greatly helped Henry in his wars against Stephen. See Fosbroke's _History of Gloucester_. [276] He held Berkeley under the crown at the time of the Survey. D. B., i., 163a. [277] From information received from Mr Duncan Montgomerie.