THE CASTLES OF THE NORMANS IN ENGLAND 94 CHAPTER VIII MOTTE-CASTLES IN NORTH WALES 251 CHAPTER IX MOTTE-CASTLES IN SOUTH WALES 273 CHAPTER X MOTTE-CASTLES IN SCOTLAND 302 CHAPTER XI MOTTE-CASTLES IN IRELAND 323 CHAPTER XII STONE CASTLES OF THE NORMAN PERIOD 351 APPENDICES A. PRIMITIVE FOLK-MOOTS 381 B. WATLING STREET AND THE DANELAGH 382 C. THE MILITARY ORIGIN OF THE BOROUGHS 382 D. THE WORDS "CASTRUM" AND "CASTELLUM" 383 E. THE BURGHAL HIDAGE 385 F. THELWALL 385 G. THE WORD "BRETASCHE" 386 H. THE WORD "HURDICIUM" 387 I. THE WORD "HERICIO" 388 K. THE CASTLE OF YALE 388 L. THE CASTLE OF TULLOW 389 M. THE CASTLE OF SLANE 390 N. THE WORD "DONJON" 390 O. THE ARRANGEMENTS IN EARLY KEEPS 391 P. KEEPS AS RESIDENCES 392 Q. CASTLES BUILT BY HENRY I. 392 R. THE SO-CALLED SHELL KEEP 393 S. PROFESSOR LLOYD'S "HISTORY OF WALES" 393 SCHEDULE OF ENGLISH CASTLES FROM THE ELEVENTH CENTURY 396 INDEX 401 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND PLANS FIG. Motte-Castles from the Bayeux Tapestry:--Dol, Rennes, Dinan, Bayeux, Hastings _Frontispiece_ FACING PAGE 1. Typical Motte-Castles:--Topcliffe, Yorks; Laughton-en-le-Morthen, Yorks; Anstey, Herts; Dingestow, Monmouth; Hedingham, Essex 4 2. Anglo-Saxon MS. of Prudentius 19 3. Wallingford, Berks; Wareham, Dorset 28 4. Eddisbury, Cheshire; Witham, Essex 36 5. Plan of Towcester about 1830 42 6. Shoebury, Essex 52 7. Willington, Beds 59 8. Arundel, Sussex; Abergavenny, Monmouth 98 9. Barnstaple, Devon; Berkhampstead, Herts; Bishop's Stortford, Herts 102 10. Bourn, Lincs; Bramber, Sussex 108 11. Caerleon, Monmouth; Carisbrooke 114