The Earth's BeginningBall, Robert S. (Robert Stawell)
Science
The Earth's Beginning
Ball, Robert S. (Robert Stawell)
Krakatoa (Indonesia); Nebular hypothesis
This illustration will suffice to explain the fundamental difference
between planets and stars, notwithstanding the fact that the two classes
of bodies bear to each other a resemblance which is extremely
remarkable, even if it must be described as being in a sense accidental.
But we now know that all of the thousands of stars are to be regarded as
brilliant suns, some of which may not be so far off as Aldebaran, though
doubtless some are very much further. The actual distances are
immaterial, for the essential point to notice is that the five planets
are distinguished from the stars, not merely by the fact that they are
moving, while the stars are at rest, but by the circumstance that the
planets are comparatively close to each other and close to the sun,
while the stars are at distances millions of times as great as the
distances which the planets are from each other and from the sun.
We are now enabled to place the scheme of things celestial in its proper
perspective. I shall suppose that at a point in a field in the centre of
England, somewhere near Leamington, let us say, we drive in a peg to
represent the sun. Let us draw a circle with that peg as centre, a yard
being the radius, and let that circle represent the track in which the
earth goes round the sun. I do not indeed say that the orbit of the
earth is exactly a circle, and the actual shape of that orbit we may
have to refer to later. As, however, the apparent size of the sun does
not greatly alter with the seasons, it is evident that the track which
our earth pursues cannot be very different from a circular path. Inside
this circle which we have drawn with a yard radius, we shall put two
smaller circles which are to represent the path in which Venus moves,
and the path in which Mercury moves. Outside the path of the earth we
shall draw another circle with a radius of five yards; this will be the
highway along which the majestic Jupiter wends his way. Inside the path
of Jupiter we shall put a circle which will represent the track of Mars,
and outside the path of Jupiter a circle with ten yards as radius will
represent the track of Saturn. In each of these circles we shall suppose
the corresponding planet to revolve, and the time of revolution will of
course be greater the further the planet is from the sun. To complete
one of its circuits the earth will require a year, Jupiter twelve years,
while Saturn, which in the ancient astronomy moved on the frontier of
the solar system, will need thirty years to accomplish its mighty
journey.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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