The Legal Position of the Illegitimate Child--Reasons for these Legal Disabilities--Advantages and Disadvantages of Illegitimate Birth--Abortion, Premature Birth, Still-Birth--Childbirth in Unmarried Mothers--Causes of the Great Mortality of Illegitimate Children--Criminality in the Illegitimate--Illegitimacy and Prostitution--Occupation in Relation to Illegitimacy--The Different Classes of the Illegitimate--Illegitimacy and Child-Protection--The Tendency of Evolution--A Radical Reform 90 CHAPTER IV LIMITED POWERS OF MINORS, AND GUARDIANSHIP Limited Powers of Minors--The Tendency of Evolution--Nature of Guardianship--Guardianship of Poor Children--Guardianship of Illegitimate Children--The Defects of Individual Guardianship-- Nature of Official and Institutional Guardianship--Advantages of Official and Institutional Guardianship--Objections to Collective and Institutional Guardianship--These Objections Answered--The Tendency of Evolution--Certain Civil Laws which are of Importance in Relation to Child-Protection 106 _B._--Department of Local Administrative Activity CHAPTER I CHILD-PROTECTION BEFORE, DURING, AND IMMEDIATELY AFTER BIRTH Introductory--Before Birth--During Birth--After Birth--The Insurance of Motherhood--The Tendency of Evolution 118 CHAPTER II INFANT-LIFE PROTECTION Introductory--Advantages of the Natural Feeding of Infants-- History of Artificial Feeding--Causes of the Failure to Suckle--Wet-Nurses--Cow’s Milk--Other Methods of Artificial Feeding--Institutional Care of Infants--The Crèche--Proposed Reforms--Radical Solution of the Problem 125 CHAPTER III THE CARE OF FOUNDLINGS, WET-NURSING, AND BABY-FARMING Terminology--History of the Care of Foundlings--The Latin System and the Germanic System--Some Modern Methods for the Care of Foundlings--Foundling Hospitals, Wet-Nursing, and Baby Farms-- Institutional Care versus Family Care--Supervision of Family Care--Subsidiary Aims of the Care of Foundlings--The Tendency of Evolution 141 CHAPTER IV WOMEN’S LABOUR AND CHILD-LABOUR History of Child Labour--Diffusion of Child Labour--The Causes of Child Labour--Women’s Labour--The Consequences of Child Labour--The Consequences of Women’s Labour--Regulation of Child Labour--Regulation of Women’s Labour--Reform of Apprenticeship-- Enforcement of such Regulations--Objections to the Protective Regulation of the Labour of Women and Children--These Objections Answered--Radical Solution of the Problem--The Tendency of Evolution 155 CHAPTER V THE PROTECTION OF CHILDREN AGAINST DISEASE