Introductory--The Health of Proletarian Children--Causes of the Movement for the Protection of Proletarian Children-- Institutions--Country Holiday Funds and Open-air Schools-- Proposed Reforms--Need for Enlightenment--The Tendency of Evolution 178 CHAPTER VI THE PUBLIC ELEMENTARY SCHOOL Importance of the Public Elementary School--Methods of Instruction--The General Obligation of School Attendance--The Purpose of the Elementary School--Instruction versus Education--Moral Instruction--General Culture--Individuality-- Beauty--Knowledge--Science--Home-Work--The Exclusion of certain Children--Rewards and Punishments--The Constitutional Element-- Parents and the School--Sexual Education--Religious and Moral Instruction--Physical Education--Manual Training--Preparatory Schools--Supervised Playgrounds for Children (_Kinderhorte_)-- Increasing Importance of the Public Elementary School--Feeding of School Children--Care of Young Persons after they Leave School--The Tendency of Evolution 185 _C._--Department of Criminal Law CHAPTER I CRIMINALITY IN YOUTH Introductory--The Causes of Criminality in Youth--The Classical Criminal Law--Gradual Transformation of the Classical Criminal Law--Special Legislation dealing with Youthful Criminals-- Proposals bearing on the Question of Criminal Responsibility at Different Ages--The Defects of our Present Penal Methods--The Question of the Capacity for Understanding the Punishable Character of Criminal Offences--The School--The Reprimand-- Flogging--The Conditional Sentence--The Indeterminate Sentence-- Should Punishment be rendered more Severe?--The Coercive Reformatory Education of Youthful Criminals--Institutional Education _versus_ Family Education--Testing Reform--The Radical Solution of the Problem 217 CHAPTER II PENAL METHODS Conditions of To-day--Proposed Reforms--Penal Methods in the United States of America 243 CHAPTER III PROSTITUTION The Causes of Prostitution--Prostitution and Child-Protection 249 CHAPTER IV PUNISHABLE OFFENCES AGAINST CHILDREN The Two Groups--Infanticide--Abortion--The Protection of Feminine Chastity--Maltreatment of Children--Suggested Reforms 254 INDEX 271 ERRATUM Page 65, line 6, _for_ “wet-nurses” _read_ “midwives.” GENERAL PART CHAPTER I CERTAIN POPULATION PROBLEMS _Child-Protection and the Population Question._--In the struggle for existence among the nations, that nation is the victor which consists of the greatest number of individuals best endowed with bodily, mental, and moral health.