to refer his readers to it for such parts of the history as do not fall within his scheme. He has indicated in notes at the beginning of the various chapters some useful authorities in which readers will find a more detailed account of various aspects of the time. In conclusion, the writer must express his thanks to his wife, who has helped him materially in nearly every part of the book, and has taken the chief share in preparing the maps, tables, and index. In preparing for fresh impressions such errors have been corrected as the author has been able to find. MANCHESTER, _Dec. 1908_. CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION, 1 II. THE SAXON KINGS OF THE GERMANS, AND THE REVIVAL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE BY OTTO I. (919–973), 12 III. THE GERMAN EMPIRE AT THE HEIGHT OF ITS POWER. THE LATER SAXON AND EARLY SALIAN EMPERORS (973–1056), 36 IV. FRANCE AND ITS VASSAL STATES UNDER THE LAST CAROLINGIANS AND THE EARLY CAPETIANS (929–1108), 66 V. THE CLUNIAC REFORMATION (910–1073), AND ITALY IN THE ELEVENTH CENTURY, 96 VI. THE INVESTITURE CONTEST (1056–1125), 120 VII. THE EASTERN EMPIRE AND THE SELJUKIAN TURKS (912–1095), 151 VIII. THE EARLY CRUSADES AND THE LATIN KINGDOM OF JERUSALEM (1095–1187), 177 IX. THE MONASTIC MOVEMENT AND THE TWELFTH CENTURY RENASCENCE, 198 X. GERMANY AND ITALY (1125–1152), 221 XI. FREDERICK BARBAROSSA AND ALEXANDER III. THE RENEWED CONFLICT BETWEEN PAPACY AND EMPIRE (1152–1190), 245 XII. FRANCE, NORMANDY, AND ANJOU, AND THE BEGINNINGS OF THE GREATNESS OF THE CAPETIAN MONARCHY (1108–1189), 274 XIII. THE THIRD CRUSADE AND THE REIGN OF HENRY VI. (1187–1197), 295 XIV. EUROPE IN THE DAYS OF INNOCENT III. (1198–1216), 313 XV. THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE IN THE TWELFTH CENTURY; THE FOURTH CRUSADE, AND THE LATIN EMPIRE IN THE EAST (1095–1261), 336 XVI. FREDERICK II. AND THE PAPACY (1216–1250), 358 XVII. FRANCE UNDER PHILIP AUGUSTUS AND ST. LOUIS (1180–1270), 393 XVIII. THE UNIVERSITIES AND THE FRIARS, 428 XIX. THE LAST CRUSADES AND THE EAST IN THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY, 450 XX. THE GROWTH OF CHRISTIAN SPAIN, 464 XXI. THE FALL OF THE HOHENSTAUFEN AND THE GREAT INTERREGNUM (1250–1273), 478 MAPS