1. Germany under the Saxon and Swabian Emperors, 11 2. Ecclesiastical Divisions of Germany, 24 3. France, showing the great fiefs, 93 4. South Italy before the Norman Conquest, 104 5. Middle Italy in the Eleventh Century, 111 6. The Eastern Empire in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries, 153 7. The Crusading States in Syria in the Twelfth Century, 185 8. Dominions of Saladin in 1193, 196 9. Possessions of the Guelfs in the days of Henry the Lion, 267 10. France in 1189, 293 11. The Latin Empire of Constantinople, 347 12. France and its neighbour lands in 1270, 426 13. Spain at the end of the Twelfth Century, 476 14. Spain at the end of the Thirteenth Century, 477 GENEALOGICAL TABLES 1. The Crescentii, 35 2. The Saxon and Salian Emperors, 65 3. The Capetian Kings of France, 94–95 4. The House of Tancred of Hauteville, 119 5. The Macedonian Dynasty, 176 6. The Early Kings of Jerusalem, 197 7. The Guelfs and the Hohenstaufen, 244 8. The House of Blois, 279 9. The Comneni and Angeli, 356 10. The Latin Emperors of Constantinople, 357 APPENDIX TABLES OF POPES, EMPERORS, EASTERN EMPERORS, LATIN EMPERORS IN THE EAST, LATIN KINGS OF JERUSALEM, AND KINGS OF FRANCE, 493 INDEX, 497 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE To the general modern authorities for French history for this period must now be added the valuable new _Histoire de France_ edited by M. Ernest Lavisse (Hachette), of which the three half-volumes covering this period are now published. They are: _Les Premiers Capétiens (987–1137)_, by Achille Luchaire, II. ii.; _Louis VII., Philippe Auguste, Louis VIII._, by Achille Luchaire, III. i.; and _Saint Louis, Philippe le Bel, les derniers Capétiens directs_, by Ch. V. Langlois, III. ii. A large collection of facts covering the whole subject of this book will soon be available in the relevant volumes of the Cambridge Mediæval History. The maps in R. L. Poole’s _Oxford Historical Atlas_ are very valuable for the elucidation of the historical geography of the period. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION