Pusillanimity of Frederic.--Intreaties of the Citizens of Prague.--Shameful Flight of Frederic.--Vengeance Inflicted upon Bohemia.--Protestantism and Civil Freedom.--Vast Power of the Emperor.--Alarm of Europe.--James I.--Treaty of Marriage for the Prince of Wales.--Cardinal Richelieu.--New League of the Protestants.-- Desolating War.--Defeat of the King of Denmark.--Energy of Wallenstein.--Triumph of Ferdinand.--New Acts of Intolerance.-- Severities in Bohemia.--Desolation of the Kingdom.--Dissatisfaction of the Duke of Bavaria.--Meeting of the Catholic Princes.--The Emperor Humbled. Page 261 CHAPTER XVIII. FERDINAND II. AND GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS. From 1629 to 1632. Vexation of Ferdinand.--Gustavus Adolphus.--Address to the Nobles of Sweden.--March of Gustavus.--Appeal to the Protestants.--Magdeburg joins Gustavus.--Destruction of the City.--Consternation of the Protestants.--Exultation of the Catholics.--The Elector of Saxony Driven from His Domains.--Battle of Leipsic.--The Swedes penetrate Bohemia.--Freedom of Conscience Established.--Death of Tilly.--The Retirement of Wallenstein.--The Command Resumed by Wallenstein.--Capture of Prague.--Encounter between Wallenstein and Gustavus.--Battle of Lutzen.--Death of Gustavus. Page 279 CHAPTER XIX. FERDINAND II., FERDINAND III. AND LEOPOLD I. From 1632 to 1662. Character of Gustavus Adolphus.--Exultation of the Imperialists.--Disgrace of Wallenstein.--He offers to Surrender to the Swedish General.--His Assassination.--Ferdinand's son Elected as his Successor.--Death of Ferdinand.--Close of the War.--Abdication of Christina.--Charles Gustavus.--Preparations for War.--Death of Ferdinand III.--Leopold Elected Emperor.--Hostilities Renewed.--Death of Charles Gustavus.--Diet Convened.--Invasion of the Turks. Page 295 CHAPTER XX. LEOPOLD I. From 1662 to 1697. Invasion of the Turks.--A Treaty Concluded.--Possessions of Leopold.--Invasion of the French.--League of Augsburg.--Devastation of the Palatinate.--Invasion of Hungary.--Emerio Tekeli.--Union of Emerio Tekeli with the Turks.--Leopold Applies to Sobieski.--He Immediately Marches to his Aid.--The Turks Conquered.--Sobieski's Triumphal Receptions.--Meanness of Leopold.--Revenge upon Hungary.--Peace Concluded.--Contest for Spain. Page 311 CHAPTER XXI. LEOPOLD I. AND THE SPANISH SUCCESSION From 1697 to 1710. The Spanish Succession.--The Impotence of Charles II.--Appeal to the Pope.--His Decision.--Death of Charles II.--Accession of Philip V.--Indignation of Austria.--The Outbreak of War.--Charles III. Crowned.--Insurrection in Hungary.--Defection of Bavaria.--The Battle of Blenheim.--Death of Leopold I.--Eleonora.--Accession of Joseph I.--Charles XII. of Sweden.--Charles III. of Spain.--Battle of Malplaquet.--Charles at Barcelona.--Charles at Madrid. 328 CHAPTER XXII. JOSEPH I. AND CHARLES VI. From 1710 to 1717.