The pendulum with its spindle has a definite mass value, and, assuming it to be at rest in the bearings B{1} and B{2}, it is acted upon by gravitation, or in other words, it is under the influence or within the field of the gravitative attraction of the earth's mass upon it. The effect of this field is directly proportional to the mass of the pendulum and spindle, and to its action is due that bearing pressure which is transmitted through the lubricant to the bearing surfaces and thence to the supporting arms N{1} and N{2} of the framework. Bearings and columns alike are thus subjected to a downward thrust or pressure. Being of elastic material, they will be more or less distorted. This distortion will proceed until the downward forces are balanced by the upward or reactive forces called into play in virtue of the cohesive properties of the strained material. Corresponding to a slight downward movement of the pendulum and spindle in thus straining or compressing them, the supporting columns will be decreased in length. This downward movement is the external evidence of certain energy operations. In virtue of their elevation above the earth's surface, the pendulum and spindle possess, to a certain degree, energy of position, and any free downward movement would lead to the transformation of this energy into energy of motion (§ 20). But the downward motion of pendulum and spindle is not free. It is made against the resistance of the material of the supporting columns, and the energy of position, instead of assuming the form of energy of motion, is simply worked down or transformed against the opposing cohesive forces of the supporting materials. This energy, therefore, now resides in these materials in the form of energy of strain or distortion. In general nature, this strain energy is akin to energy of position (§ 20). Certain portions of the material of the columns have been forced into new positions against the internal forces of cohesion which are ever tending to preserve the original configuration of the columns. This movement of material in the field of the cohesive influence involves the transformation of energy (§ 4), and the external evidence of the energy process is simply the strained or distorted condition of the material. If the latter be released, and allowed to resume its natural form once more, this stored energy of strain would be entirely given up. In reality, the material can be said to play the part of a machine or mechanism for the energy process of storage and restoration. No energy process, in fact, ever takes place unless associated with matter in some form. The supporting arms, in this case, form the material factor or agency in the energy operation. All such energy machines, also, are limited in the extent of their operation, by the qualities of the material factors. In this particular case, the energy compass of the machine is restricted by certain physical properties of the material, by the maximum value of these