149. Celtic elements 97 150. Latin of the First Period 98 151. Anglo-Saxon 98 152. Danish or Norse 98 153. Roman of the Second Period 100 {xxiii} 154. Anglo-Norman 101 155. Indirect Scandinavian 101 156. Latin of the Third Period 101 157. Greek elements 102 158. Classical elements 102 159. Latin words 103 160. Greek elements 104 161, 162. Miscellaneous elements 105 163, 164. Direct and ultimate origin of words 106, 107 165. Distinction 107 166-168. Words of foreign simulating a vernacular origin 107-109 169-171. Hybridism 109, 110 172. Incompletion of radical 110 173. Historical and logical analysis 111 CHAPTER II. THE RELATION OF THE ENGLISH TO THE ANGLO-SAXON AND THE STAGES OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 174. Ancient and modern languages 112 175. English and Anglo-Saxon compared 113 176. Semi-Saxon stage 117 177-179. Old English stage 119, 122 180. Middle English 122 181. Present tendencies of the English 123 182. Speculative question 123 CHAPTER III. THE LOWLAND SCOTCH. 183-188. Lowland Scotch 124-127 189. Extracts 127 190. Points of difference with the English 130 CHAPTER IV. ON CERTAIN UNDETERMINED AND FICTITIOUS LANGUAGES OF GREAT BRITAIN. 191, 192. The Belgae 132-135 193. Caledonians, Iberians 135 194. Supposed affinities of the Irish 135 Extract from Plautus 136 195. Hypothesis of a Finnic race 139 {xxiv} PART III. SOUNDS, LETTERS, PRONUNCIATION, AND SPELLING. CHAPTER I. GENERAL NATURE OF ARTICULATE SOUNDS.