s. 402. It has often been remarked that the participle is used in many languages as a substantive. This is true in Greek, [Greek: Ho prasson]=_the actor_, when a male. [Greek: He prassousa]=_the actor_, when a female. [Greek: To pratton]=_the active principle of a thing_. s. 403. But it is also stated, that, in the English language, the participle is used as a substantive in a greater degree than elsewhere, and that it is used in several cases and in both numbers, _e.g._, _Rising_ early is healthy, There is health _in rising_ early. This is the advantage _of rising_ early. The _risings_ in the North, &c. Archbishop Whately has some remarks on this substantival power in his Logic. Some remarks of Mr. R. Taylor, in the Introduction to his edition of Tooke's Diversions of Purley, modify this view. According to these, the _-ing_ in words like _rising_ is not the _-ing_ of the present participle; neither has it originated in the Anglo-Saxon _-end_. It is rather the _-ing_ in words like _morning_, which is anything but a participle of the non-existent verb _morn_, and which has originated in the Anglo-Saxon substantival termination _-ung_. Upon this Rask writes as follows:--"_Gitsung_, _gewilnung_=_desire_; _swutelung_=_manifestation_; _claensung_=_a cleansing_; _sceawung_=_view_, _contemplation_; _eordh beofung_=_an earthquake_; _gesomnung_=_an assembly_. This termination is chiefly used in forming substantives from verbs of the first class in _-ian_; as, _h['a]lgung_=_consecration_, from _h['a]lgian_=_to consecrate_. These verbs are all feminine."--Anglo-Saxon Grammar, p. 107. Now, whatever may be the theory of the origin of the termination _-ing_ in old phrases like _rising early is healthy_, it cannot apply to expressions of recent introduction. Here the direct origin in _-ung_ is out of the question. {350} The view, then, that remains to be taken of the forms in question is this: 1. That the older forms in _-ing_ are substantival in origin, and=the Anglo-Saxon _-ung_. 2. That the latter ones are participial, and have been formed on a false analogy. * * * * * {351} CHAPTER XXX. THE PAST PARTICIPLE. s. 404. The participle in _-en_.--In the Anglo-Saxon this participle was declined like the adjectives. Like the adjectives, it is, in the present English, undeclined. In Anglo-Saxon it always ended in _-en_, as _sungen_, _funden_, _bunden_. In English this _-en_ is often wanting, as _found_, _bound_; the word _bounden_ being antiquated. Words where the _-en_ is wanting may be viewed in two lights; 1, they may be looked upon as participles that have lost their termination; 2, they may be considered as praeterites with a participial sense.