«within Roman provinces,» (2) The occurrence of these patronymic local names most thickly _within the Roman limes_ and near to it, points to the fact that the Roman rule was the outside influence which compelled the abandonment of the semi-nomadic and the adoption of the settled form of life. «possibly manorial.» (3) The addition in some cases--most often in Flanders and in England, which were both Roman [p358] provinces--of the suffix _ham_ to the patronymic local name, although most probably a _later_ addition, and possibly the result of conquest, at least reminds us of the possibility already noticed that even a _villa_ or _ham_ or manor, with a servile population upon it, might be the possession of a tribal household, who thus might be the lords of a manorial estate. «Offshoots from Suevic tribes who became Alamanni.» (4) Considering the geographical distribution of the patronymic termination, beginning in Thuringia and Grapfeld, but becoming most numerous in Rhætia and the 'Agri Decumates,' it is almost impossible to avoid the inference that it is in most cases connected with settlements in these Roman districts of offshoots from the old Suevic tribe of the Hermunduri--viz. _Thuringi_, _Juthungi_, and others who, settling in these districts during Roman rule, became afterwards lost in the later and greater group of the _Alamanni_. «Forced settlement of Alamanni in Belgic Gaul,» «and possibly in England.» This inference might possibly be confirmed by the fact that the isolated clusters of names ending in 'ing' on the west of the Rhine, correspond in many instances with the districts into which we happen to know that forced colonies of families of these and other German tribes had been located after the termination of the Alamannic wars of Probus, Maximian, and Constantius Clorus. These colonies of _læti_ were planted, as we have seen, in the valley of the Moselle, and the names of places ending in 'ing' are numerous there to this day. They were planted in the district of the Tricassi round Troyes and Langres, and here again there are numerous patronymic names. They were planted in the district of the Nervii round Amiens close to the cluster of names ending in 'ingahem,' so many of which in the ninth century are [p359] found to belong to the Abbey of St. Bertin. Lastly--and this is a point of special interest for the present inquiry--we know that similar deportations of tribesmen of the Alamannic group were repeatedly made into Britain, and thus the question arises whether the places ending in 'ing' in England may not also mark the sites of peaceable or forced settlements of Germans under Roman rule. They lie, as we have seen, chiefly within the district of the Saxon shore, _i.e._ east of a line between the Wash and the Isle of Wight, just as was the case also with the survivals of the _right of the youngest_.