On the other hand, in Westphalia, in Baden, and especially in Upper Swabia and Upper Bavaria, as far as the river Isar, and also in Switzerland, the word _Esch_ is the one in use,[575] the word being used in [p379] Westphalia, also for the whole arable area.[576] _Esch_ also was in use at the date of the earliest form of the Bavarian laws (in the seventh century). The hedge put up in defence of the sown field is there called an '_ezzisczun_.'[577] Still earlier, in the fourth century, further East the open fields seem to have been called '_attisk_;' for Ulphilas, in his translation of Mark ii. 23, speaks of the disciples walking over the '_attisk_'--_i.e._ over the 'etch,' or 'eddish'--instead of as in the Anglo-Saxon translation over the '_æcera_.' Here, therefore, we have another of the Hitchin words. «'Brachfrichte.'» «These words point to connexion with South Germany.» In Hesse, according to Dr. Landau, the three fields are spoken of as-- (1) In der _Lentzen_. (2) In der _Brache_. (3) In der _Rure_. On the Main, in the fifteenth century, they were spoken of as-- (1) _Lenz_ frichte. (2) _Brach_ frichte. (3) _Rur_ frichte. In Elsass, in the fourteenth century, and on the Danube-- (1) Brochager (Brach field) (2) Rurager (Fallow field) were used, and Dr. Landau says that _Esch_ is sometimes put in contrast with '_Brach_.'[578] Whatever may be [p380] the exact meaning of the word _Brach_--whether referring to the breaking of the rotation or the breaking of the stubble--there can be no doubt of the identity of the word with the English _Breach_ and _Breach-corn_. It appears, therefore, that in South Germany, and especially in the districts once Roman province, the three fields representing the rotation of crops for many centuries have been known by names closely resembling those used in England. IV. THE DIVISION OF THE FIELDS INTO FURLONGS AND ACRES. Passing next to the divisions of the open fields, we take first the Furlongs or Shots (the Latin _Quarentenæ_). «'Shot.'» The word 'Shot' probably is simply the Anglo-Saxon '_sceot_,' or _division_; but it is curious to find in a document of 1318 mention of 'unam peciam, quod vulgariter dicitur _Schoet_' at _Passau_, near the junction of the Inn with the Danube.[579] «'Gewann.'» The usual word in Middle and South Germany is '_Gewende_,' in Lower Germany '_Wande_' or '_Wanne_,' or '_Gewann_'--words which no less than the Furlong[580] refer to the length of the furrow and the turning of the plough at the end of it. «Headland.» The _headland_, on which the plough was turned, [p381] is also found in the German three-field system as in England. «'Voracker.'» In a Frankish document quoted by Dr. Landau, it is called the '_Voracker_,' elsewhere it is known as the '_Anwänder_' (_versura_), or '_Vorwart_.'[581] «The Lince called 'Rain.'»