So in Saxon documents the whole manor or estate was called by various names, generally '_ham_' or '_tun_.' «King Alfred's will.» In King Alfred's will[154] estates in the south-east of England, including the villages upon them, which by Norman scribes would have been called manors, are described as _hams_ (the _ham_ at such a place). In the old English version of the will given in the 'Liber de Hyda'[155] the word '_twune_' is used to translate 'ham,' and in the Latin version the word 'villa.'[156] «Parable of the prodigal son.» In the Saxon translation of the parable of the prodigal son, the country estate of the citizen--the '_burh-sittenden man_'--to which the prodigal was sent to feed swine, and where he starved upon the 'bean-cods' that the swine did eat, was the citizen's '_tune_.'[157] So that the '_hams_' and '_tuns_' of Saxon times were in fact commonly private estates with villages upon them, _i.e._ manors. «Grants of whole manors.» This fact is fully borne out by the series of Saxon [p128] charters from first to last. They generally, as already said, contain grants of _whole_ manors in this sense, including the villages upon them, with all the village fields, pastures, meadows, &c., embraced within the boundaries given. And these boundaries are the boundaries of the _whole village or township_--_i.e._ of the whole estate. «Saxon words.» Further, a careful examination of Anglo-Saxon documents will show that the Saxon manors, not only at the time of Edward the Confessor, as shown by the Domesday Survey, but also long previously, were divided into the land of the lord's _demesne_ and the land _in villenage_, though the Norman phraseology was not yet used. The lord of the manor was a _thane_ or '_hlaford_.' The demesne land was the _thane's inland_. All classes of villeins were called _geneats_. The land in villenage was the _geneat-land_, or the _gesettes-land_, or sometimes the _gafol-land_. And further, this _geneat-_, or _gesettes-_, or _gafol-land_ was composed, like the later land in villenage, of hides and yard-lands, whilst the villein tenants of it, as in the Domesday Survey, were divided mainly into two classes: (1) the _geburs_ (villani proper), or holders of yard-lands; and (2) the _cottiers_ with their smaller holdings. Beneath these two classes of holders of _geneat_ land were the _theows_ or slaves, answering to the _servi_ of the Survey. Lastly, there is clear evidence that this was so as early as the date of the laws of King Ine, which claim to represent the customs of the seventh century. To the proof of these points attention must now be directed. [p129] II. THE RECTITUDINES SINGULARUM PERSONARUM. In order to make these points clear, attention must be turned to a remarkable document, the Saxon version of which dates probably from the tenth, and the Latin translation from the twelfth century.[158] «The '_Rectitudines_,' tenth century.»