9. The question of the relative sovereignty of the United States and that of a State is one of jurisdiction, and is determined by extent of powers delegated, not of original powers possessed. Delegated powers are expressed in constitutions and laws. Two governments exist in America: that of the Union and that of the respective States. The Constitution of the United States was ordained and established by the people of the United States for themselves, for their own government and not for the government of the individual States.[21] The constitution of a State is made by the people of that State for themselves only. Sovereignty in America has declared the Constitution of the United States the supreme law of the land, thus formally relegating State constitutions and laws to inferior rank,—that is, to a position of powerlessness when in conflict with the supreme law. Thus when we speak of two “sovereignties,” or of “residuary sovereignty,” we really mean “two governments of delegated powers,”—that is, the State governments and the national government. When we speak of the two sovereignties, we do not mean _sovereignty_ (which is by nature indivisible), but _government_ (which is divisible), the creation of sovereignty and, unlike sovereignty, possesses only delegated powers. 10. For administrative purposes, or, stating the case in other words, for legal reasons and in harmony with precedents in law, the terms “sovereignty” and “residuary sovereignty” continue in use among lawyers, judges, political writers, and civil officials; but government is not, never was, and in such a country as ours, never can be sovereignty. American constitutional law is law made by authority of the sovereign people: the law of the United States is made by Congress, the authorized legislative agent of the people of the United States: the law of the State, is made by its Legislature, the authorized law-making agent of the people of the State. The same essential may be stated after the manner of Chief Justice Marshall as the law of the whole: the Nation; the law of the part, the State. Government is the child of sovereignty. 11. Because of the sovereignty of the people of the United States, and consequently, of the supremacy of the Constitution, several results follow: Madison expresses one of these in _The Federalist_[22]: The idea of a national government involves in it not only an authority over the individual citizens, but an indefinite supremacy over all persons and things, so far as they are objects of lawful government. Marshall expresses other results,— The general government, though limited as to its objects, is supreme with respect to these objects. This principle is a part of the Constitution. To this supreme government ample powers are confided. With the ample powers confided to this supreme government are connected many express and important limitations on the sovereignty of the States.[23]