THE ESSENTIALS OF LOGIC being TEN LECTURES ON JUDGMENT AND INFERENCE by BERNARD BOSANQUET FORMERLY FELLOW OF UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, OXFORD MACMILLAN AND CO. LONDON AND NEW YORK 1895 The right of Translation is reserved Richard Clay & Sons, Limited, London & Bungay. Transcriber's Note: Footnotes have been placed under the paragraphs to which they relate. A few added footnotes and additions to Bosanquet's footnotes, giving the equivalents of Greek words in the text, are in square brackets. Bosanquet's marginal notes have been used as subheadings. Page numbers from the original are in braces {}. {v} PREFACE In this course of lectures I have attempted to carry out, under the freer conditions of the University Extension system, a purpose conceived many years ago at Oxford. It was suggested to me by the answer of a friend, engaged like myself from time to time in teaching elementary Logic, to the question which I put to him, “What do you aim at in teaching Logic to beginners? What do you think can reasonably be hoped for?” “If the men could learn what an Inference is, it would be something,” was the reply. The course of lectures which I now publish was projected in the spirit thus indicated. Though only the two last discourses deal explicitly with Inference, yet those which precede them contribute, I hope, no less essentially, to explain the nature of that single development which in some stages we call Judgment, and in others Inference. So far as I could see, the attempt to go to the heart of the subject, however imperfectly executed, was appreciated by the students, and was rewarded with a serious attention which would not have been commanded by the trivialities of formal Logic, although more entertaining and less abstruse. The details of traditional terminology may be found in Jevons’s _Elementary Lessons in Logic_ (Macmillan). Those {vi} who desire to pursue the study more in the sense of the present work, may be referred above all to Bradley’s _Principles of Logic_, and also to Lotze’s _Logic_ (E. Tr.), and to Sigwart’s great work on Logic, the English translation of which, just completed, opens a storehouse of knowledge and robust good sense to the English student. My own larger _Logic_ expresses _in extenso_ the views which these lectures set out in a shorter form. I hope it will be admitted by my critics that this experiment, whether successful or unsuccessful, was worth making, and that except in the University Extension system, it could not easily have been made. Bernard Bosanquet. London, January 1895. {vii} CONTENTS LECTURE I THE PROBLEM OF LOGIC 1. Difficulty of the Science 1 2. The Problem stated 3 3. World as Idea 4 4. “World” 5 5. The Animal’s World 6