LECTURE VII THE CATEGORICAL AND THE HYPOTHETICAL JUDGMENTS 1. Some Criticisms on the ordinary scheme of Judgment 112 a. Why we need a Scheme 112 b. The Common Scheme 113 2. Which Judgments are Categorical? 116 (1) The “Particular” Judgment 116 a. Natural Meaning 116 b. Limited Meaning 117 (2) “Singular” Judgment 118 (3) “Universal” Judgment 119 (4) “Hypothetical” Judgment 121 (5) “Disjunctive” Judgment 123 LECTURE VIII NEGATION, AND OPPOSITION OF JUDGMENTS 1. Distinction between Contrary and Contradictory Opposition 126 2. Contrary Negation 128 3. Why use Negation? 130 4. Stage of Significant Negation; Combination of Contrary and Contradictory 132 5. Negative Judgment expressing Fact 134 6. Operation of the Denied Idea 135 {x} LECTURE IX INFERENCE AND THE SYLLOGISTIC FORMS 1. Inference in General 137 2. Conditions of the Possibility of Inference 139 3. System the ultimate condition of Inference 140 4. Immediate Inference 141 5. Number of Instances 142 6. Figures of Syllogism, illustrating Progress from Guess-work to Demonstration 146 LECTURE X INDUCTION, DEDUCTION, AND CAUSATION 1. Induction 151 a. By simple Enumeration 151 b. Enumeration always has a Ground 152 c. Perfect Induction 152 d. System 153 e. Analogy as Step towards System 155 f. Negative Instance 158 g. Classification and Generalisation 159 h. Hypothesis 161 2. Deduction 162 a. Subsumption 163 b. Construction 163 3. Causation 164 4. The Postulate of Knowledge 165 5. Conclusion 166 {1} LECTURE I THE PROBLEM OF LOGIC _Difficulty of the science_ 1. There is no science more difficult than that on which we are entering in these lectures. It is worth while to discuss the nature of this difficulty. It is a question of interest rather than of intricacy. All sciences have, perhaps, much the same possibilities of broad theory and subtle analysis. But Logic stands alone in the difficulty with which the student sustains his persuasion that its point of view is worth applying.