8. The existence of transverse waves in the interior of a fluid can only be explained on gyrostatic principles, i.e. by the kinetic or rotational elasticity of Lord Kelvin. And the internal circulatory speed of the intrinsic motion of such a fluid must be comparable with the velocity with which such waves are transmitted. 9. Putting these things together, it follows that the intrinsic or constitutional vortex energy of the ether must be of the order 10³³ ergs per cubic centimetre. _Conclusion._--Thus every cubic millimetre of the universal ether of space must possess the equivalent of a thousand tons, and every part of it must be squirming internally with the velocity of light. FOOTNOTE: [6] It does not seem to have been noticed that in Query 22, quoted in the Introduction to the present book, Newton seems to throw out a curious hint in this same direction,--though he immediately abandons it again. He does not appear to have carefully _edited_ his queries; probably they were published posthumously. CHAPTER VIII ETHER AND MATTER THE MECHANICAL NECESSITY FOR A CONTINUOUS MEDIUM FILLING SPACE In this chapter I propose to summarise in simple and consecutive form most of the arguments already used. Thirty years ago Clerk Maxwell gave to the Royal Institution of Great Britain a remarkable address on "Action at a Distance." It is reported in the Journal R.I., Vol. VII, and to it I would direct attention. Most natural philosophers hold, and have held, that action at a distance across empty space is impossible; in other words, that matter cannot act where it is not, but only where it is. The question "Where is it?" is a further question that may demand attention and require more than a superficial answer. For it can be argued on the hydrodynamic or vortex theory of matter, as well as on the electrical theory, that every atom of matter has a universal though nearly infinitesimal prevalence, and extends everywhere; since there is no definite sharp boundary or limiting periphery to the region disturbed by its existence. The lines of force of an isolated electric charge extend throughout illimitable space. And though a charge of opposite sign will curve and concentrate them, yet it is possible to deal with both charges, by the method of superposition, as if they each existed separately without the other. In that case, therefore, however far they reach, such nuclei clearly exert no "action at a distance" in the technical sense.