This interest in actualization is a further distinction between pure
dialectic and rhetoric. With its forecast of the actual possibility,
rhetoric passes from mere scientific demonstration of an idea to
its relation to prudential conduct. A dialectic must take place _in
vacuo_, and the fact alone that it contains contraries leaves it an
intellectual thing. Rhetoric, on the other hand, always espouses one of
the contraries. This espousal is followed by some attempt at impingement
upon actuality. That is why rhetoric, with its passion for the actual, is
more complete than mere dialectic with its dry understanding. It is more
complete on the premise that man is a creature of passion who must live
out that passion in the world. Pure contemplation does not suffice for
this end. As Jacques Maritain has expressed it: “love ... is not directed
at possibilities or pure essences; it is directed at what exists; one
does not love possibilities, one loves that which exists or is destined
to exist.”[17] The complete man, then, is the “lover” added to the
scientist; the rhetorician to the dialectician. Understanding followed by
actualization seems to be the order of creation, and there is no need for
the role of rhetoric to be misconceived.
The pure dialectician is left in the theoretical position of the
non-lover, who can attain understanding but who cannot add impulse to
truth. We are compelled to say “theoretical position” because it is by
no means certain that in the world of actual speech the non-lover has
more than a putative existence. We have seen previously that his speech
would consist of strictly referential words which would serve only as
designata. Now the question arises: at what point is motive to come
into such language? Kenneth Burke in _A Grammar of Motives_ has pointed
to “the pattern of embarrassment behind the contemporary ideal of a
language that will best promote good action by entirely eliminating the
element of exhortation or command. Insofar as such a project succeeded,
its terms would involve a narrowing of circumference to a point where
the principle of personal action is eliminated from language, so that an
act would follow from it only as a non-sequitur, a kind of humanitarian
after-thought.”[18]
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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