After the formation of the Calabrian beach the whole Mediterranean region was elevated above its present level. This elevation must be contemporaneous with the period of maximum elevation in north-west Europe associated with the great Mindelian glaciation. It is suggested that the “sill” of the outlet channel at Gibraltar was raised above the level of the Atlantic, and the Mediterranean became, first a closed salt lake, and then a pair of lakes, the eastern fresh draining into the western, which was salt, the two being separated by a ridge of land between Italy and Tunis. This period of elevation was long enough for a great deal of denudation to take place. Even in the Mediterranean this was a time of severe climate. On the eastern side of Gibraltar there are breccias, known as the “Older Limestone Agglomerate,” which reach a thickness of 100 feet in places, and are now much weathered. Similar agglomerates are found in Malta. These resemble the “head” of the south of England, and appear to be due to frost action in a severe climate. In Corsica there are traces of four periods of mountain glaciation, and the two oldest of these are provisionally correlated with the Gunzian and Mindelian of the Alps. In the Balkan highlands there are traces of two distinct glaciations: the older, which was the more general and reached the greater intensity, probably corresponding to the Mindelian. In the Atlas Mountains there are great boulder moraines which seem to belong to three distinct glaciations, the oldest extending to about 2000 feet above sea-level, and the second terminating at about 4000 feet, while the third glaciation consisted of small valley glaciers only. Towards the close of the Mindelian glacial period the land sank or the ocean rose again, and the waters of the Atlantic poured in, bringing with them a great number of high northern and Arctic mollusca. The theory has been put forward that this influx was in the nature of a debacle and carved out a deep gorge through the present Straits of Gibraltar. The beaches deposited by this sea lie at a height of 250 to 330 feet above the present sea-level. The fauna resembles that inhabiting the northernmost parts of Europe at the present day, and the waters must have been several degrees colder than at present. This stage is termed the Sicilian. As the climate improved the land gradually rose again, and the next general raised beach lies at a height of only about 100 feet in southern Italy (except where it has been elevated by local earth-movements). Further west it lies still nearer the present sea-level—twenty feet in the Balearic Islands and only seven feet on the coast of Spain. On the coast of Algeria and Tunis this beach is found at a height of about forty-five feet.