[204] _Op. cit._, p. 82. Babbage, in laying stress on one of the "advantages" of machinery, makes an ingenuous admission of this "forcing" power. "One of the most singular advantages we derive from machinery is the check it affords against the inattention, the idleness, or the knavery of human agents." (_Economy of Machinery_, p. 39; cf. also Ure, _Philosophy of Manufactures_, p. 30.) [205] Porter, _Progress of the Nation_, p. 590. [206] Cf. Schulze-Gaevernitz, p. 115. [207] For a fuller treatment of this subject, see the next chapter. [208] Cf. Patten, _The Theory of Dynamic Economics_, chap. xi. [209] _Uses and Abuses of Money_, p. 111. [210] _Principles_, p. 315. [211] _Ibid._, p. 316. [212] Page 435. [213] A similar difficulty in distinguishing town influences from specific trade influences confronted Dr. Arlidge in his investigation into diseases of employments. "It is a most difficult problem to solve, especially in the case of an industrial town population, how far the diseases met with are town-made and how far trade-made; the former almost always predominates." (_Diseases of Occupation_, p. 33.) [214] Mulhall, _Dictionary of Statistics_, p. 545. [215] Cf. Marshall, _Principles of Economics_, vol. i. p. 315. [216] D.A. Wells, _Contemporary Review_, 1889, p. 392. [217] Taylor, _Modern Factory System_, p. 435. [218] Cf. the comparison of conditions of town and country labour in Adam Smith's _Wealth of Nations_, Bk. I., chap. x., part 2. [219] _Diseases of Occupations_, pp. 25, 26. [220] _The Social Horizon_, p. 22. [221] Ure, _Philosophy of Manufactures_, chap. i. p. 19. [222] Marshall, _Principles of Economics_, p. 265. [223] Cf. chap. x. [224] Cf. Marshall, p. 265. CHAPTER X. THE ECONOMY OF HIGH WAGES. § 1. _The Economy of Low Wages._ § 2. _Modifications of the Early Doctrine--Sir T. Brassey's Evidence from Heavy Manual Work._ § 3. _Wages, Hours, and Product in Machine-industry._ § 4. _A General Application of the Economy of High Wages and Short Hours inadmissible._ § 5. _Mutual Determination of Conditions of Employment and Productivity._ § 6. _Compressibility of Labour and Intensification of Effort._ § 7. _Effective Consumption dependent upon Spare Energy of the Worker._ § 8. _Growth of Machinery in relation to Standard of Comfort._ § 9. _Economy of High Wages dependent upon Consumption._