Selling price 16 0 10 11 7 6 2 6 1 2-1/2 0 10-1/2 Cost of Cotton (18 oz.) 2 0 2 0 3 4 1 6 0 7-3/4 0 7-1/8 ----- ----- ---- ---- -------- --------- Labour & Capital 14 0 8 11 4 2 1 0 0 6-3/4 0 3-3/8 [89] Porter, _Progress of the Nation_, p. 13. Eighteenth century figures are, however, not trustworthy. The first census was in 1801. [90] Ure, _Philosophy of Manufactures_, p. 531. [91] Schulze-Gaevernitz, _Der Grossbetrieb_, p. 34. [92] In 1882 42 per cent. of the German textile industry was still conducted in the home or domestic workshop, while only 38 per cent. was carried on in factories employing more than 50 persons. More weavers were still engaged with hand-looms than with power-looms, and the latter was so little developed that the hand-loom could still hold its own in many articles. Knitting, lace-making, and other minor textile industries are still in the main home industries.--(_Social Peace_, p. 113.) "While in England in 1885 each spinning or weaving mill had an average of 191 operatives, each spinning mill in Germany in 1882 employed an average of 10 persons only."--(Brentano, _Hours, Wages, and Production_, p. 64.) [93] Ure, _Philosophy of Manufactures_, p. 515. [94] Toynbee, _Industrial Revolution_, p. 79. [95] The highly elaborate American machine industry of watch-making is a striking example of this influence of high wages. Cf. Schulze-Gaevernitz, _Social Peace_, p. 125. [96] Schoenhof, _Economy of High Wages_, p. 279. [97] _Ibid._, pp. 225, 226. [98] Schulze-Gaevernitz, p. 66 (note). This six and eight-loom weaving is, however, at a lower speed. CHAPTER IV. THE STRUCTURE OF MODERN INDUSTRY. § 1. _Growing Size of the Business-Unit._ § 2. _Relative Increase of Capital and Labour in the Business._ § 3. _Increased Complexity and Integration of Business Structure._ § 4. _Structure and Size of the Market for different Commodities._ § 5. _Machinery a direct Agent in expanding Market Areas._ § 6. _Expanded Time-area of the Market._ § 7. _Interdependency of Markets._ § 8. _Sympathetic and Antagonistic Relations between Trades._ § 9. _National and Local Specialisation in Industry._ § 10. _Influences determining Localisation of Industry under World-Competition._ § 11. _Impossibility of Final Settlement of Industry._ § 12. _Specialisation in Districts and Towns._ § 13. _Specialisation within the Town._ § 1. Turning once more to the unit of industry, the Business, and thence to the Trade and the Market, or area of competition, it is necessary to examine the structural and functional changes brought about by the action of the new industrial forces.