[Footnote 2: Similarly De Tocqueville begins _L'ancien régime et la révolution_ with "_Les Français ont fait...._" (Avant-Propos, 2e éd. p. 5), and makes the successors of the Revolutionists "_les mêmes Français_" (p. 12). Soon he makes the Revolution an entity (p. 35). Compare with Taine's passage the programme of the first number of Le Play's _La Réforme Sociale_, 1881 (cited by H. Higgs, _Quarterly Journal of Economics_, Boston, July, 1890, p. 418), which might almost have been written by Taine. In the case of Le Play the ideal of a quasi-patriarchal order, very stable and very fixed, led to an attitude resembling at points that of Taine. It is easy to see how the natural recoil from political turmoil has, since the French Revolution, developed successive schools such as those of Saint Simon, Comte, and Le Play, all aiming at stability and order, all seeking to elbow out the cosmic force of Change. In Taine's case the result was an acceptance of Spencer's "administrative nihilism."] [Footnote 3: _Les philosophes classiques du XIXe siècle en France_, 3ième éd. p. 37.] [Footnote 4: _Lettres de Prosper Mérimée à une Inconnue_, préf. _end_. When, however, M. Taine wrote on Sainte-Beuve's death (1869), he laid down, as one of the necessities of the search for "the true truth," this very determination "to be the dupe of nothing and nobody, above all of oneself" (_Derniers Essais_, p. 52). Years before an acute critic had said of his literary criticism: "M. Taine, at bottom, let us say it with bated breath, is the dupe of himself when he supposes himself to have given a rigorous formula, an exact definition, a chemical analysis of his author" (Frédéric Morin, _Les hommes et livres contemporains_, 1862, p. 33). Compare the brochure of Professor Edouard Droz, _La critique littéraire et la science_, 1893, discussed in the present writer's _New Essays towards a Critical Method_, 1897, p. 13 _sq._] [Footnote 5: See _Napoléon et ses détracteurs_, par le Prince Napoléon, p. 13, and _passim_.] [Footnote 6: Professor Bryce, _The Holy Roman Empire_, 8th ed. p. 7.] [Footnote 7: Gibbon, ch. vi (Bohn ed. i, pp. 201, 212-13). In the same way, Julius Cæsar, and the triumvirs after him, were in their day moved to extend citizenship in Italy because of the falling-off in the free Roman population. Widened citizenship meant a wider field for Italian recruiting. At that time the extension involved not taxation, but immunities; but, according to Cicero, Antony received great sums from the Sicilians in payment for the privilege he conferred upon them. _Ad Atticum_, xiv, 12; _Philipp._ ii, 36.] [Footnote 8: Bryce, p. 9.]