[Footnote 9: A different explanation holds in the case of Hegel, who--after very pointedly affirming that "nothing great in the world has been accomplished without passion" (_Leidenschaft_), in the sense of individual interest and self-seeking aim, and that "an individual is such and such a one, not a man in general, for that is not an existence, but one in particular" (_Philos. der Geschichte_, 2te Aufl. p. 30)--proceeds to express historical processes in terms of universal spirit, abstract universality, and so forth. Here the trouble is the cherished tendency to verbal abstraction.] [Footnote 10: Cp. Professor H.A. Giles, _The Civilisation of China_, 1911, pp. 214-15. Smell appears to be an insuperable bar to any general association of "whites" with "blacks," and it probably enters into many racial repugnances. Compare the curious device of Lombard women to set up by an artificial bad smell a repugnance on the part of their alien suitors such as they themselves may have felt. Gummere, _Germanic Origins_, 1892, p. 138.] [Footnote 11: Cited by Tolstoy, _The Kingdom of God is Within You_, ch. vi, end.] CHAPTER II ROMAN POLITICAL EVOLUTION § 1 A survey of the ancient history best known to us may help to make clearer the fatality of strife and the impossibility of solving it save by transcending the physical plane. The habit of summing up all Roman history as so many planned actions of "the Romans," or of "Rome," is in singular contrast with the imbroglio of the records. In the social stage discovered to us by the analysis of the oldest known institutions, "early" Rome is already an artificial political organism, far removed from the simple life of tribal barbarism.[12] There are three tribes; the very name of tribe, it may be, comes from the number three[13] in the flection _tribus_; and the subdivisions are fixed by the numbers three and ten.[14] Behind the artificial "tribe" is a past in which, it may be, a group of villages forms the _pagus_ or settlement.[15] Already privilege and caste are fully established, even between classes of freemen; and only by inference can we reach the probable first bases of civic union among the ruling caste. They were clearly a caste of conquerors. Their _curiæ_, apparently the oldest form of group after the family or the clan,[16] are artificially arranged, numbering thirty, each _curia_ containing nominally a hundred _gentes_, each _gens_ nominally ten families.