Evelyn Abbott, so far as it has gone, has fully equal value in most respects; but both leave the need for a sociological history unsatisfied. Mr. Warde Fowler's _City State of the Greeks and Romans_ (1893) points in the right direction, but needs following up. Apart from Burckhardt and Cunningham, the nearest approach yet made to a sociological study of Greek civilisation is the series of works on Greek social history by Professor Mahaffy (_Social Life in Greece_; _Greek Life and Thought from the Age of Alexander to the Roman Conquest_; _The Greek World under Roman Sway_; _Problems of Greek History_; and _Survey of Greek Civilisation_). These learned and brilliant volumes have great value as giving more vivid ideas of Greek life than are conveyed by any of the regular histories, and as constantly stimulating reflection; but they lack method, omit much, and abound regrettably in capricious and inconsistent dicta. The _Survey_ is disappointing as emphasising rather than making good the defects of the previous treatises. G.F. Hertzberg's _Geschichte Griechenlands unter der Herrschaft der Römer_ (1866), and indeed all his works on Greek history, are always worth consulting. Some help may be had from the volume on Greece in the _Industrial History of the Free Nations_ by W.T. M'Cullagh (1846); but that fails to throw any light on what should have been its primary problem, the rise of Greek industry, and is rather sentimental than scientific in spirit. For later Greece, Finlay (_History of Greece from its Conquest by the Romans_, revised ed. 7 vols. 1877) becomes illuminating by his interest in economic law, though he holds uncritically enough by some now exploded principles, and exhibits some religious prejudice. His somewhat entangled opening sections express his difficulties as a pioneer in sociological history--difficulties only too abundantly apparent in the following pages. Professor J.B. Bury's _History of the Later Roman Empire_ (2 vols. 1889) is an admirable work; but it does not attempt, save incidentally, to supersede Finlay in matters economic. § 1