The Family among the Australian Aborigines, a Sociological StudyMalinowski, Bronislaw
History
The Family among the Australian Aborigines, a Sociological Study
Malinowski, Bronislaw
Aboriginal Australians -- Social life and customs; Ethnology -- Australia; Families -- History
Amongst the tribes of the Lower Murray River "particular districts
having a radius of from ten to twenty miles, or in other cases
varying according to local circumstances, are considered generally
as being the property and hunting-grounds of the tribes who
frequent them."[385] Eyre speaks of a further division of land
amongst single individuals; it is handed down hereditarily in
the male line. "A man can dispose of or barter his land to
others."[386] At any rate, all members of a "tribe" (= local group)
may roam over the common territory. It seems, nevertheless, to
be rather a formal than actual, exclusive right.[387] The local
groups may not trespass on their respective territories without
permission.[388] The whole local group congregates only "if there
is any particular variety more abundant than another, or procurable
only in certain localities. Should this not be the case, then they
are probably scattered over their district in detached groups, or
separate families."[389] Here we are well informed on our principal
points: the local group is the exclusive joint landowner; the
individual has some claims which are not quite clearly defined,
but surely do not mean exclusive economic _usum fructum_. They
live scattered in small parties over their area. There is another
passage in Eyre's book that confirms this latter point. He says
that each family is independent and governed by the father; but
that, "as a matter of policy, he always informs his fellows where
he is going." So that "although a tribe may be dispersed all over
their own district in single groups ... yet if you meet with any
one family, they can at once tell you where you will find any
other.... In cases of sudden danger or emergency, the scattered
groups are rapidly warned or collected" by messenger or smoke
signals.[390]
[385] Eyre, ii. p. 297.
[386] _Ibid._, pp. 218, 297.
[387] _Ibid._, p. 297.
[388] _Ibid._, ii. p. 297.
[389] _Ibid._, p. 218.
[390] _Ibid._, ii. p. 317.
Mitchell's expedition, when exploring the interior of South-East
Australia, met a party of blacks on the banks of the Murray,
whom they had seen before on the Darling a few hundred miles
distant.[391] This would apparently contradict the assumption
of fixed boundaries. But the general evidence shows that, in
exceptional cases, and with the leave of the neighbouring
tribes--especially if these were friendly--a local group or any
party of natives were allowed to travel even considerable distances
for purposes of warfare, barter or ceremonial gatherings.
[391] Mitchell, _loc. cit._, ii. p. 92.
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