Mount Toby’s summit rises above any other eminence in central Massachusetts east of Ashfield and south of Mount Grace near Northfield. From it the entire country to the south appears low and flat, except for the teeth of the Mount Holyoke Range and the long ridge extending southward from Mount Tom. A slope rises westward from the lowland to meet the edge of the flat New England upland along a line that passes through Shelburne, Conway, Goshen, and Granville. East of Toby this same upland comes so close that it seems but a step across to it. Many peaks may be seen rising above the New England upland. The one far to the east is Wachusett. Up there to the north-northeast are Monadnock and Mount Grace. Over in the northwest are Stratton and Glastenbury in Vermont, and much nearer and lower is Bald Mountain at Shelburne Falls. Mount Greylock, the highest point in Massachusetts, is almost due west. The lowland was excavated after the New England upland was elevated, and the main features which distinguish the present landscape were carved out before the end of the Miocene epoch of Tertiary time. The high points which surmount the upland are monadnocks which, like their prototype Mount Monadnock, successfully resisted the ravages of time and New England’s changing but rigorous climate. _The Sunderland Caves_ The Sunderland Caves are on the northwest side of Mount Toby, just a short walk and an easy climb from State Highway 63. They penetrate a cliff made of conglomerate overlying a shale which accumulated in a Triassic lake. The shale makes the floor of the cave. Joints, forming a right angle with the cliff, break the conglomerate into giant blocks. Frost, smooth shale surfaces, and gravity have caused the two end pieces to creep away from the other conglomerate blocks. The second block from the end has fallen against the end block, forming a high-roofed cave about 100 feet long. Directly southwest of the lower entrance to the cave, the shale beds are highly distorted along the borders of a trough-like mass of angular conglomerate or breccia, in which boulders up to six feet in diameter are numerous. It is believed to be the record of a Triassic landslide, which avalanched down the mountain front immediately to the east, and into the old lake at the mountain base. It plowed up the clays in the lake bed, carried some of them away, and furrowed the others into the crumpled forms that are clearly visible along the path to the caves. _Mount Sugarloaf_