6. Ovules and seeds more than 2 to each carpel (or ovary-cell). Carpels 5. Fruit large. Endocarp cartilagineous. Seed-coat mucilagineous. Leaves undivided.--Species 1 (_C. vulgaris_ Pers., quince). Cultivated in North and South Africa and in some tropical islands. The fruit is edible and used for the preparation of confectionery and in medicine. (Under _Pyrus_ L.) =Cydonia= Tourn. Ovules and seeds 1-2 to each carpel (or ovary-cell). 7 7. Fruit with a bony endocarp and a mealy mesocarp. Ovules 2, one of them sterile and covering the fertile one. 8 Fruit with a membranous, parchment-like, or cartilagineous endocarp. Carpels 2-5. 9 8. Style furrowed. Carpel 1. Embryo with coiled cotyledons. Stamens 10-15. Flowers in racemes. Leaves undivided, persistent.--Species 1. Madeira. =Chamaemeles= Lindl. Style not furrowed. Embryo with flat cotyledons. Leaves usually lobed or divided and deciduous.--Species 5. North-west Africa. They yield timber, tanners’ bark, edible fruits (medlars) and medicaments and are also used as ornamental plants (hawthorn). (Including _Crataegus_ L.) =Mespilus= L. 9. Carpels projecting above the receptacle; hence cells of the fruit reaching to the cavity at its top. Styles 5, free. Fruit with a membranous endocarp. Seeds very large, with thick cotyledons. Leaves undivided, persistent.--Species 1 (_E. japonica_ Lindl., loquat). Cultivated in North Africa and some tropical islands for its edible fruits. (Under _Photinia_ Lindl.) =Eriobotrya= Lindl. Carpels completely enclosed in the receptacle; hence cells of the fruit not reaching to its top. Leaves usually deciduous.--Species 8, of which 6 are growing wild in North Africa, the other two (_P. communis_ L., pear, and _P. Malus_ L., apple) cultivated in North and South Africa and Madagascar. They yield timber, tanners’ bark, and edible fruits, from which also drinks and medicaments are prepared. Several species are used as ornamental plants. (_Pyrus_ L., including _Malus_ Tourn. and _Sorbus_ L.). =Pirus= Tourn. 10. (1.) Carpels 2 or more, with 1-2 ovules each, rarely carpel 1, with a single ovule. Flowers regular. [Subfamily =ROSOIDEAE=.] 11 Carpel 1, with 2 ovules, sometimes more or less completely 2-celled or one ovule abortive; in this cases flowers distinctly irregular. Fruit a drupe. Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided. 25 11. Receptacle of the female flowers deeply concave, tube-or urn-shaped, tightly enclosing the carpels, especially in fruit. 12 Receptacle flat, convex, or moderately concave (cup-or saucer-shaped), not tightly enclosing the carpels. Carpels 5 or more. Stamens numerous. 21