12. Carpels numerous. Ovules pendulous. Stamens numerous. Petals 4-6, large, red, white or yellow, imbricate in bud. Sepals imbricate. Flowers hermaphrodite. Receptacle becoming succulent in fruit. Shrubs. Leaves pinnate.--Species 10. North Africa and Abyssinia; also naturalized in several tropical islands. Used as ornamental plants, and in the preparation of perfumes and medicaments; some have edible fruits. [Tribe ROSEAE.] =Rosa= Tourn. Carpels 1-4. Petals small, yellow or white, or wanting. [Tribe SANGUISORBEAE.] 13 13. Perianth consisting of an epicalyx, a calyx, and a corolla. Carpels 2-4. 14 Perianth consisting of calyx and corolla, or of epicalyx and calyx, or of the calyx only. 15 14. Flowers hermaphrodite. Epicalyx of 5-6 small segments. Petals broad. Stamens 10-12. Shrubs. Leaves pinnatipartite. Flowers in racemes.--Species 1. South Africa. =Leucosidea= Eckl. & Zeyh. Flowers polygamous-dioecious. Epicalyx of 4-5 large segments. Petals narrow. Stamens 20. Trees. Leaves pinnate. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. East Africa. Used medicinally. (_Brayera_ Kunth) =Hagenia= Gmel. 15. Perianth consisting of a corolla and a calyx surrounded by several rows of hooked bristles. Stamens 10 or more. Styles 2, subterminal. Herbs. Leaves pinnate. Flowers in spikes.--Species 1. North and South Africa. Yields tanning and dyeing materials, and is also used in medicine. =Agrimonia= L. Perianth consisting of a calyx with an epicalyx, or only of a calyx. 16 16. Epicalyx of 4-5 segments alternating with the sepals. Stamens 1-5. Ovules ascending. Styles basal. Stigmas capitate. Leaves lobed or digitate.--Species 25. Some of them yield tanning and dyeing materials and medicaments. “Lady’s mantle.” (Including _Aphanes_ L.) =Alchimilla= L. Epicalyx none. Stigmas more or less penicillate. 17 17. Flowers hermaphrodite or monoecious; in the latter case receptacle of the male flowers resembling that of the female. Leaves pinnate. Flowers in spikes or heads. 18 Flower dioecious. Stamens numerous. Receptacle of the male flowers very small. Shrubs or trees. 20 18. Receptacle armed with hooked bristles, at least in fruit. Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens 2-5. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 3. South Africa. Used medicinally. =Acaena= Vahl Receptacle without bristles. 19 19. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Fruiting receptacle dry, not coloured, wrinkled and pitted or winged. Herbs.--Species 10. North Africa, one species also introduced in South Africa. Some species yield tans, dyes, and medicaments, or are used as potherbs. (Under _Poterium_ L.) =Sanguisorba= L. Flowers monoecious. Fruiting receptacle somewhat fleshy, coloured, smooth. Stamens numerous. Spinous shrubs.--Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. (_Sarcopoterium_ Spach). =Poterium= L. 20. Leaves pinnate, with several pairs of leaflets. Flowers in spikes. Fruiting receptacle somewhat fleshy.--Species 2. Canary Islands and Madeira. =Bencomia= Webb