Leaves 1-3-foliolate. Flowers solitary, axillary. Fruiting receptacle cartilaginous, rarely somewhat fleshy.--Species 40. South Africa and southern Central Africa. =Cliffortia= L. 21 (11.) Filaments narrowed towards the base. Petals 5, white. Ovules 2. Styles terminal. Ripe carpels dry and indehiscent. Herbs. Leaves pinnatisect. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Used as an ornamental plant. (_Ulmaria_ Tourn., under _Spiraea_ L.) [Tribe FILIPENDULEAE]. =Filipendula= L. Filaments broadened at the base. Sepals valvate in bud. Carpels usually inserted on an elevated receptacle. [Tribe POTENTILLEAE]. 22 22. Carpels with 2 ovules each, drupe-like when ripe. Style subterminal. Epicalyx none.--Species 30. Many of them yield edible fruits, from which also drinks are prepared; some are used as ornamental plants, for tanning, and in medicine. “Bramble.” [Subtribe RUBINAE.] =Rubus= L. Carpels with 1 ovule each, nut-like when ripe. Epicalyx nearly always present. 23 23. Ovule ascending. Style persistent, terminal. Herbs. Radical leaves pinnatisect.--Species 4. North and South Africa; one species also naturalized in St. Helena. They yield tanning and dyeing materials and medicaments. “Avens.” [Subtribe DRYADINAE.] =Geum= L. Ovule pendulous. Style deciduous. [Subtribe POTENTILLINAE.] 24 24. Ripe carpels on a greatly enlarged, coloured, and succulent receptacle. Petals white. Herbs. Leaves usually trifoliolate.--Species 5. Cultivated in various regions; one species also growing wild in the Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands. They yield edible fruits (strawberries), dyeing and tanning materials, and medicaments. =Fragaria= L. Ripe carpels on a slightly or not enlarged, not coloured, dry (sometimes spongy, but not succulent) receptacle. Flowers hermaphrodite.--Species 10. Some of them yield tanning and dyeing materials, or serve for the preparation of ink and medicaments, or as ornamental plants. =Potentilla= L. 25. (10.) Style terminal or nearly so. Ovules pendulous. Flowers regular. [Subfamily =PRUNOIDEAE=.] 26 Style basal. Ovules erect. [Subfamily =CHRYSOBALANOIDEAE=.] 27 26. Petals sepaloid. Flowers in racemes.--Species 1. Central and South-east Africa. =Pygeum= Gaertn. Petals petaloid.--Species 9; six of them spontaneous in North Africa, the others, as well as the former, cultivated in various regions. They yield timber, tanners’ bark, gum, oil, medicaments, and edible fruits (plums, cherries, apricots, peaches, almonds), from which also drinks and confectionery are prepared. Several species are used as ornamental plants. (Including _Amygdalus_ L., _Armeniaca_ Juss., _Cerasus_ Juss., and _Persica_ Tourn.) =Prunus= L. 27. Flowers almost regular. Stamens 10 or more. Carpel inserted at or near the base of the bell-or funnel-shaped receptacle. [Subtribe CHRYSOBALANINAE.] 28