Nilufer, wife of Orkhan, 25, 62. Nish, 158, 161-2, 183-4. Okhrida, 159. Orkhan, first battles of, 46; adds Nicaea and Nicomedia to his emirate, 56-7, 61-4; defeats Byzantines at Pelecanon, 60-1; completes conquest of Bithynia, 64; invades and annexes portions of neighbouring emirates, 66-8, 291-2, 294; invited by Cantacuzenos to aid him against Anna, and receives Cantacuzenos’s daughter as bride, 92-4; invited again by Cantacuzenos into Europe to aid him against John Palaeologus, 98-9; first conquests in Europe, 100-6; has Byzantines at his mercy, 107-8; Ottoman historians unsatisfactory in accounts of reign of, 65; contemporary statements as to power of, 69-70; legislation of, 70-3; policy of towards Christians, 75-80; organization of army of, 81-4; death of, and estimate of his character, 109; extent of emirate of, 301-2. Orsova, 215. Orthodox Christians, animosity against Catholics and unwillingness for reunion of Churches, 128, 132-4, 141, 194. ---- Church, loses hold on Levantine Christians, 49; oppresses Bulgarians, 195-6. Orthography, oriental, 5-6. Osman, birth of, 22; conversion, marriage, and dream of, 23-9; principality of, in 1300, 32; first battle with Byzantines, 34; conquests of, from Byzantines, 45-9; legends concerning power and character of, 50-2, 263-76; reincarnation of early khalifs, 52; elected as chief of tribe, 55; army of, 81; parentage of, 263-5, 267; relation of with Anatolian Turkish emirs, 17, 44-5, 273-4, 300-2; error of attributing coinage to, 51. Osmandjik, 265, 291. _Osmanli_, connotation of this word, 29, 50, 78, 80-1. Osmanlis, originate on border of Bithynia, 19, 25, 28, 30-2; complete conquest of Bithynia, 62-4, 80; become a distinct race, 78-81; first invasion of Europe, 100; advance into Thrace, 101; conquer Thrace, 121-6, 149; conquer Bulgaria, 139, 143, 149, 160-1, 171-3, 193-6; conquer Macedonia, 144, 149, 158-9, 183; conquer Servia, 161-2, 173-8, 182; conquer Thessaly, 147, 228-30, 232; invade Albania, 147, 159-60, 183, 206, 243; invade Attika, 147, 186, 205; invade Bosnia, 147, 184; invade Hungary, 183-4, 191, 224; invade Wallachia, 192, 224; invade the Morea, 171, 228-30, 232; conquests of, in Greece, 171, 186, 228-30, 232; absorb Anatolian Turkish emirates, 66-9, 155-8, 185-7, 190-1, 274; invade Karamania, 165-7, 187-90, 290; besiege Constantinople, 198-9, 232-4, 236; naval raids of, 186, 205; first cross the Danube, 191-2; first cross the Vardar, 147; contemporary western misconception of their character, 216-17, 247; composite blood of, 115-17, 126; character of, 74-5; distinct from other Anatolian Turks, 19, 28, 31, 78-9, 115, 126, 217, 228, 283; tolerance of, 74, 81, 115, 179; rule of, preferred by Balkan Christians to that of Catholics, 133, 141, 194-5; not raiders, but colonists, 149, 186; not feared by Europe until they appeared in Thrace, 111.