Ottoman architecture, Byzantine influence in, 275-6. ---- army, organization of, 81-4; Christian elements in, 166, 173, 184, 187-8, 217, 252. ---- ceremonial of holding ambassadors’ arms in audience with Sultan, 178. ---- historians, unsatisfactory accounts of reign of Orkhan, 65. ---- history, lacks early sources, 17, 265. ---- legislation, beginning of, 71-3. ---- navy, beginning of, 186; weakness in reign of Bayezid, 205-6, 234, 237-8. Palaeologos, Andronicus II, looks to Mongols and Catalans for aid against Turks, 35-7; bestows title of Caesar on Roger de Flor, 39; menaced by Mongols, Venice, and French princes, 41-2; civil strife with grandson, 48, 57-9; refuses to co-operate in crusade planned by Marino Sanudo, 49; seeks aid of papacy against Turks, 85. ----, Andronicus III, set upon by Turks on wedding journey, 48; captures Salonika, 58; deposes grandfather, 59; defeated by Osmanlis at Pelecanon, and abandons Nicaea, 59-61; invites aid of Anatolian emirs in siege of Phocaea, 65-6, 86; makes overtures to John XXII, 85; marries sister to Czar Michael of Bulgaria, 87; on death-bed entrusts empress and son and heir to care of Cantacuzenos, 91; assassinates brother, 181. ----, Andronicus IV, charged with suggesting to Bulgarians that they keep his father prisoner, 128; rebels against father, and is imprisoned, 149-51; escapes, imprisons father and brothers, and gives Tenedos to Genoese, 153; treaty with Genoese, 163. ----, John V (I), under guardianship of Cantacuzenos, 91; forced to marry daughter of Cantacuzenos, and to accept father-in-law as co-emperor, 94; exiled by Cantacuzenos to Tenedos, 99; returns from exile, and forces John and Matthew Cantacuzenos to abdicate, 103; at the mercy of Orkhan, 106-8; unpopularity of, with Byzantines, 115; treaties of, with Murad, 122, 128, 136; fails to send aid to Balkan crusaders at Maritza, 122; tries to get aid from Venetians against Osmanlis, 128; goes to Buda to seek aid from Louis of Hungary, and is made prisoner by Bulgarians, 128-9; release secured by Amadeo of Savoy, and promises to submit to Roman Church, 129-30; visits Rome, and becomes Catholic, 134-5; last desperate appeal to Pope, 137; war with Alexander of Bulgaria, 139; passes over Andronicus, and raises Manuel to imperial purple, 149; blinds son Andronicus at Murad’s command, 150; refuses to receive fugitive Manuel at Constantinople for fear of Murad, 152; gives Tenedos to Venetians, 153; aids Osmanlis to conquer Philadelphia, last Byzantine possession in Asia, 154, 197; treaty with Genoese, 152-3; ignominious death of, 198. Palaeologus, John VII (II), rebels against grandfather and uncle, 197; co-operates with Osmanlis against Manuel, 199-200, 237-8, 243; becomes co-emperor with Manuel, 238-9; banished by Manuel to Lemnos, 259.