----, Manuel II (I), ransoms father from Venetian merchants, 135; serves in Ottoman army, 136, 149, 154, 187, 197; made co-emperor by father, 149; fails in conspiracy to drive Osmanlis from Serres, and has to seek pardon of Murad at Brusa, 151-2, 231; gives Bayezid privileges in Constantinople, 199; fails to enlist support of Pope and Western princes, 200, 206, 233, 239; marries son to Russian princess, 232; receives aid from Boucicaut, 236-9; accepts John VII as co-emperor, 238; unsuccessful visit to Europe, 240-3; expels Osmanlis from Constantinople, and offers to become vassal of Timur, 259; appeals to Rome and Venice for aid against Timur, 260. ----, Michael IX, unsuccessfully opposes Turks in Anatolia, 35; at Adrianople, 39; flees before Turks of Halil, 40. ----, Theodore, serves in Ottoman army, 149; imprisoned by Andronicus IV, 153; summoned, as ruler of the Morea, to do homage to Bayezid at Serres, 171, 200, 229; invites Osmanlis to enter the Morea to aid him against Frankish lords, 228; defeated by Osmanlis at Megalopolis, 230; tries to dissuade Manuel from trip to western Europe, 240. Palatchia, 286, 294-5. Papacy, and Eastern crusades, 41, 85; invited to intervene to save Constantinople from Osmanlis, 95; tries to raise crusades against Osmanlis, 122, 129, 132, 136-8, 141, 153, 201-2, 235-6, 241; consistently denounces traffic of Italian republics with Moslems, 154. (_See also under_ Popes.) _Pasha_, origin of this title, 71-2. Pergama, 284, 286, 291, 294. Petrarch, hatred of schismatics, 133. Philadelphia, 13, 34, 105, 154, 296, 299. Philippe d’Artois, 212, 217-18, 223, 225. ---- de Bourgogne, 202, 209-10, 212, 218, 226, 236, 242. ---- le Bel, plans to retake Constantinople, 41-2; aids in conquest of Rhodes, 44. Philippopolis, 114, 122, 139, 161-2, 231. Phocaea, Byzantines and Anatolian emirs besiege, 66, 283, 296; John Palaeologus attacks at command of Orkhan, 107-8; not dependent upon Osmanlis, 299. Plochnik, battle of, 169. Popes: Gregory X, 164. Boniface VIII, 164. Clement V, 41-2, 44. John XXII, 85. Clement VI, 95. Urban V, 122, 129-32, 134-6, 141, 164. Gregory XI, 136-8, 153, 164. Urban VI, 201. Boniface XI, 201-2, 235, 262. Benedict XIII, 202, 235-6, 241. Popova Shapkah, 143. Prilep, 158. Princes’ Islands, 35. Pristina, 92, 144. Ragusa, first Christian state to make tributary treaty with Osmanlis, 127. _Raïa_, meaning of the word, 77. Rhodes, 43-4, 186, 205; grand master of, at Nicopolis, 219, 221; chevaliers of (_see_ Saint John, Knights of). Rhodope Mountains, 140, 143, 147. Rilo, monastery of, 195. Riva, 237. Rodosto, 65, 101. Rumeli Hissar, 234. Rustchuk, 172. Saint John, Knights of, conquer Rhodes, 43; resist Turks, 44, 283; capture Smyrna, 85, 283; conspire with Pope to seize the Morea, 240; lose Smyrna to Timur, 258; relations with Cyprus and Anatolian emirates, 285-6, 295, 297, 299-300.