Produced by Geetu Melwani, David Clarke, LN Yaddanapudi and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries) THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS London: FETTER LANE, E.C. C. F. CLAY, MANAGER {Illustration} Edinburgh: 100, PRINCES STREET ALSO London: H. K. LEWIS, 136, GOWER STREET, W.C. Berlin: A. ASHER AND CO. Leipzig: F. A. BROCKHAUS New York: G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS Bombay and Calcutta: MACMILLAN AND Co., LTD. _All rights reserved_ {Illustration: Charles Darwin from a photograph by Maull & Fox in 1854} THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES TWO ESSAYS WRITTEN IN 1842 AND 1844 by CHARLES DARWIN Edited by his son FRANCIS DARWIN Honorary Fellow of Christ's College Cambridge: at the University Press 1909 Astronomers might formerly have said that God ordered each planet to move in its particular destiny. In same manner God orders each animal created with certain form in certain country. But how much more simple and sublime power,--let attraction act according to certain law, such are inevitable consequences,--let animal(s) be created, then by the fixed laws of generation, such will be their successors. From DARWIN'S _Note Book_, 1837, p. 101. TO THE MASTER AND FELLOWS OF CHRIST'S COLLEGE, THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED BY THE EDITOR IN TOKEN OF RESPECT AND GRATITUDE CONTENTS ESSAY OF 1842 PAGES INTRODUCTION xi PART I Sec. i. On variation under domestication, and on the principles of selection 1 Sec. ii. On variation in a state of nature and on the natural means of selection 4 Sec. iii. On variation in instincts and other mental attributes 17 PART II Sec.Sec. iv. and v. On the evidence from Geology. (The reasons for combining the two sections are given in the Introduction) 22 Sec. vi. Geographical distribution 29 Sec. vii. Affinities and classification 35 Sec. viii. Unity of type in the great classes 38 Sec. ix. Abortive organs 45 Sec. x. Recapitulation and conclusion 48 ESSAY OF 1844 PART I CHAPTER I 57-80 ON THE VARIATION OF ORGANIC BEINGS UNDER DOMESTICATION; AND ON THE PRINCIPLES OF SELECTION.