_The Education of Henry Adams_ (Boston, 1918), pp. 7 _ff._ Footnote 15: Semple, _Influences of Geographic Environment_, p. 618. Both Miss Semple and A. P. Brigham (_Geographic Influences in American History_, New York, 1903) lay their main stress on land-forms. For climatic influences, _vide_ W. N. Lacy, “Some Climatic Influences in American History,” in _Monthly Weather Review_, vol. XXXVI, pp. 169 _ff._; Huntington, _Civilization and Climate_, _ubi supra_; and _The Red Man's Continent_ (Yale University Press, 1919). We thus see how the mountain-barrier kept the New Englander within bounds; how the lack of long navigable rivers prevented him from advancing far inland, even within his narrow limits; how the bleak and stony uplands held him along the coast and lower river valleys; how the soil discouraged him from agriculture; and, on the other hand, how his numerous harbors, the quantity of timber for ship-building, and his central position for the carrying trade, all drew him out to sea. There was another, and most important factor, however, luring him to quit the land, for the banks and shoals, extending from Cape Cod to Newfoundland, were the feeding grounds of enormous masses of cod, herring, and other fish, which swarmed in the cold waters of the Labrador current. If no precious metals rewarded search, if the beaver retreated farther and farther into the wilderness, if the soil gave but grudging yield, here, at least, was limitless wealth. The industry, thanks to the combination of shoals and icy waters, became the corner-stone of the prosperity of New England; and in the colonial history of that section, commerce smells as strongly of fish as theology does of brimstone. Together with lumber, fish became the staple of exchange with old England and the rich West Indian settlements, and the industry bred a hardy race of seamen, who manned New England's merchant fleet, and, later, the American navy.[16] Footnote 16: For the influence of the sea on subsidiary industries, _vide_ M. Keir, “Some Influences of the Sea upon the Industries of New England,” _American Geographical Review_, vol. v, pp. 399 _ff._