=The CRUSADES.= By the Rev. Sir G. W. COX, Bart., M.A. With a Map. =The EARLY PLANTAGENETS.= By W. STUBBS, D.D., late Bishop of Oxford. With 2 Maps. =EDWARD the THIRD.= By the Rev. W. WARBURTON, M.A. With 3 Maps and 3 Genealogical Tables. =The ERA of the PROTESTANT REVOLUTION.= By F. SEEBOHM, LL.D. With 4 Maps and 12 Diagrams. =The AGE of ELIZABETH.= By MANDELL CREIGHTON, D.D., LL.D., late Bishop of London. With 5 Maps and 4 Genealogical Tables. =The FIRST TWO STUARTS and the PURITAN REVOLUTION=, 1603–1660. By SAMUEL RAWSON GARDINER. With 4 Maps. =The THIRTY YEARS’ WAR=, 1618–1648. By SAMUEL RAWSON GARDINER. With a Map. =The ENGLISH RESTORATION and LOUIS XIV.= 1648–1678. By OSMUND AIRY, LL.D. =The FALL of the STUARTS; and WESTERN EUROPE= from 1678 to 1697. By the Rev. EDWARD HALE, M.A. With 11 Maps and Plans. =The AGE of ANNE.= By E. E. MORRIS, M.A. With 7 Maps and Plans. =FREDERICK the GREAT and the SEVEN YEARS’ WAR.= By F. W. LONGMAN. With 2 Maps. =The WAR of AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE=, 1775–1783. By J. M. LUDLOW. With 4 Maps. =The FRENCH REVOLUTION.= 1789–1795. By Mrs. S. R. GARDINER. With 7 Maps. =The EPOCH of REFORM=, 1830–1850. By JUSTIN MCCARTHY. LONGMANS, GREEN & CO., 39 Paternoster Row, London, New York, Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras. _EPOCHS of MODERN HISTORY_ EDITED BY C. COLBECK, M.A.; EDWARD F. MORRIS, M.A.; AND J. SURTEES PHILLPOTTS, M.A., B.C.L. _THE FRENCH REVOLUTION_ B. M. GARDINER [Illustration: CENTRAL EUROPE 1789 _Longmans, Green & Co., London, New York, Bombay, Calcutta & Madras._] _Epochs of Modern History_ THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 1789–1795 BY BERTHA MERITON GARDINER _SIXTEENTH IMPRESSION_ LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. 39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON FOURTH AVENUE & 30TH STREET, NEW YORK BOMBAY, CALCUTTA, AND MADRAS 1921 All rights reserved PREFACE.