Spring-shoots more or less densely tomentose. Leaves from 8 to 12 cm. long, serrulate, stomata ventral only, resin-ducts medial and confined to the angles. Conelets large, subterminal, or on young trees often pseudolateral. Cones indehiscent, from 9 to 14 cm. long, short-pedunculate, ovoid-conical or subcylindrical; apophyses dull pale nut-brown, rugose, shrinking much in drying and exposing the seeds, prolonged and tapering to a more or less reflexed tip, the umbo inconspicuous; seeds large, wingless, the spermoderm entire. A species of the mountains of northeastern Asia with valuable wood and large edible nuts; hardy and often cultivated in cool-temperate climates. The P. koraiensis of Beissner (in Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. n. ser. iv. 184) and of Masters (in Gard. Chron. ser. 3, xxxiii. 34, ff.) are P. Armandi and have led to an erroneous extension of the range of this species into Shensi and Hupeh. In the original description of the species the authors call attention to an error in the plate, where a cone of another species has been substituted. P. koraiensis resembles P. cembra in leaf and branchlet but not in the cone. It is often confused with P. Armandi, but can easily be distinguished by its tomentose branchlets, indehiscent cone and peculiar seed. The two species, moreover, do not always agree in the position of the foliar resin-ducts. Plate VIII. Fig. 85, Cone and seed. Fig. 86, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. 2. PINUS CEMBRA 1753 P. cembra Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1000. 1778 P. montana Lamarck, Fl. Franç. iii. 651 (not Miller). 1858 P. pumila Regel in Index Sem. Hort. Petrop. 23. 1884 P. mandschurica Lawson, Pinet. Brit. i. 61, ff. (not Ruprecht). 1906 P. sibirica Mayr, Fremdl. Wald- & Parkb. 388. 1913 P. coronans Litvinof in Trav. Mus. Bot. Acad. St. Pétersb. xi. 23, f. Spring-shoots densely tomentose. Leaves from 5 to 12 cm. long, serrulate; stomata ventral only; resin-ducts medial or, in the dwarf form, often external. Conelets short-pedunculate, purple during their second season. Cone from 5 to 8 cm. long, ovate or subglobose, subsessile; apophyses dull nut-brown, thick, slightly convex, the margin often a little reflexed, the umbo inconspicuous; seeds wingless, large, the dorsal spermoderm adnate partly to the nut, partly to the cone-scale, the ventral spermoderm wanting.