Omitting man (for reasons stated in the preface) the three first families are considered by Professor Mivart to be sub-families of Simiidæ; but as the geographical distribution of the Old World apes is especially interesting, it is thought {87}better to treat them as families, a rank which is claimed for the anthropoid apes by many naturalists. As no good systematic work on the genera and species of bats has been yet published, I adopt the five families as generally used in this country, with the genera as given in the papers of Dr. J. E. Gray and Mr. Tomes. A monograph by Dr. Peters has long been promised, and his outline arrangement was published in 1865, but this will perhaps be materially altered when the work appears. Order--CHIROPTERA. Fam. Frugivora 9. Pteropidæ Fruit-eating Bats. {Istiophora { 10. Phyllostomidæ Leaf-nosed Bats. Insectivora { { 11. Rhinolophidæ Horse-shoe Bats. { {Gymnorhini { 12. Vespertilionidæ True Bats. { 13. Noctilionidæ Dog-headed Bats. The genera of Chiroptera are in a state of great confusion, the names used by different authors being often not at all comparable, so that the few details given of the distribution of the bats are not trustworthy. We have therefore made little use of this order in the theoretical part of the work. The osteology of the Insectivora has been very carefully worked out by Professor Mivart in the _Jounral of Anatomy and Physiology_ (Vol. ii., p. 380), and I follow his classification as given there, and in the _Proceedings of the Zoological Society_ (1871). Order--INSECTIVORA. Fam. 14. Galeopithecidæ Flying Lemurs. 15. Macroscelididæ Elephant Shrews. 16. Tupaiidæ Squirrel Shrews. 17. Erinaceidæ Hedgehogs. 18. Centetidæ Tenrecs. 19. Potamogalidæ Otter Shrew. 20. Chrysochloridæ Golden Moles. 21. Talpidæ Moles. 22. Soricidæ Shrews. The next order, Carnivora, has been studied in detail by Professor Flower; and I adopt the classification given by him in the _Proceedings of the Zoological Society_, 1869, p. 4. {88}Order--CARNIVORA.