Theory of the Westward Flow of Civilization 233 Feeling for Landscape and Scenery 235 Spiritual Feeling for Nature 235 Esthetic Love of Nature 237 Practical Interest in Countrysides 238 Giraldus Cambrensis’ Eye for Local Topography 240 X THE ASTRONOMICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE KNOWN WORLD 241 Phenomena Resulting From Differences in Latitude 241 “Climata” 242 Geographical Coördinates 243 Methods of Finding Latitude and Longitude 244 XI CARTOGRAPHY 247 Inaccuracy 247 Accuracy Not Deemed Necessary 248 Exaggeration 249 Distortion 249 Technique 250 Conventions 251 Symbols and Legends 252 Summary 254 XII REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY 255 General Character of Regional Knowledge of the Period 255 Geography of Tradition and Geography of Observation 255 Gradations of Accuracy of Knowledge 256 The “Oikoumene” As a Whole 257 The “Oikoumene” Divided into Three Parts 258 The Center of the “Oikoumene” 259 Jerusalem As the Center 259 The Exact Position of the Earth’s Center 260 The Terrestrial Paradise 261 Paradise in the East 261 Journeys to Paradise 263 The Rivers of Paradise 264 Asia 265 The Opening of Asia in the Thirteenth Century 266 The Mongol Conquests 266 Thirteenth-Century Journeys 269 The Great Mountain System of Asia 270 The Land of the “Seres” 271 China 271 India 272