Bottom of the Sea 198 The Waters of the Lands 199 Ground Water 199 The Sea As the Source of the Waters of the Land 200 Effect of Land on Waters Which Spring From It 202 Miraculous Wells and Springs; Geysers 203 The Fountain of Youth 204 Rivers 205 The Nile Flood 206 Lakes 207 IX THE LANDS 210 Classification of Land Areas 210 Quantitative and Qualitative Subdivisions 210 Giraldus Cambrensis’ Comparison of East and West 211 Mountains 212 Origin of Mountains 213 Their Size and Height 214 Miraculous Mountains 214 Accurate Observation of Orographic Phenomena 215 Appreciation of the Beauty of Mountains 215 Religious Attitude Towards Mountains 216 Normal Medieval Feeling About Mountains 217 Glaciers 219 Volcanoes and Earthquakes 220 Visits to Volcanoes 220 Volcanic Region of Southern Italy and Sicily 220 Michael Scot on the Eolian Isles and Etna 222 Volcanoes of Iceland 222 St. Brandan’s Visits to Volcanic Isles 224 Volcanoes As Gates of Hell 225 Causes of Vulcanism 225 Earthquakes 227 Deserts 228 Islands 229 Origins 229 Miraculous Islands 229 Islands of St. Brandan 230 Influences of Geographical Environment 231 On Plant and Animal Life 231 On Man 232 Topography As a Natural Defense 233