Poland 313 Slavic Europe As Described by Benjamin of Tudela and Petachia of Ratisbon 314 Hungary 314 Balkan Peninsula 316 Constantinople 318 Italy 319 Rome 321 Antiquities 321 Spain 322 The Alps 323 Use of Terms “Transalpine” and “Cisalpine” 324 “Alemannia” 325 Germany 325 Baltic Regions 327 Scandinavia 329 France 331 Paris 331 Alsace 332 Southern France 333 Islands of the Atlantic Ocean 334 British Isles 335 Cities of Britain 336 Giraldus Cambrensis on Ireland and Wales 337 Ireland 337 Wales 340 William Fitzstephen on London 341 Matthew Paris’ Maps of Britain 342 Orkneys and Shetlands 345 Iceland and Thule 345 Iceland in Icelandic Literature 346 Greenland 347 Polar Seas 348 Wineland the Good 349 Fabulous Isles 350 St. Brandan’s Isles 351 XIII CONCLUSION 353 The Outstanding Elements of the Geographical Lore of the Time of the Crusades 353 Character of the Geographical Lore of the Time of the Crusades 358