Nearly one sixth of the people of the state are engaged in the manufacturing industries. Only four states, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Hampshire, show a larger proportion of workers engaged in manufacturing. Although New Jersey is forty-fifth in area and ninth in population, this state is sixth in the total value of manufactured goods, first in the manufacture of silk and silk goods, in the smelting and refining of copper, in the manufacture of oil cloth and linoleum and of sewing machines, second in the manufacture of chemicals, rubber goods, pottery, terra cotta, and fine clay products, and of paint and varnish, third in the manufacture of electrical machinery and supplies, and fourth in the manufacture of soap and gold and silver articles. TRAVEL AND TRANSPORTATION In the early days of the state communication between the settlements was by Indian trails, which, as travel increased, expanded into roads. Settlements on the coast were also connected by sailing vessels. The roads gradually increased in number and length as the interior of the state was developed. Little effort was made, however, toward keeping the public roads in good condition. The difficulties of travel and transportation led to the construction of many "turnpikes," or roads built by private companies, which charged tolls for their use. With very few exceptions these have been made public roads. In the early part of the nineteenth century the foundations of transportation by steamboat, canals, and railroads were laid. The Morris Canal, from Phillipsburg to Jersey City, was projected and constructed to bring anthracite coal from Pennsylvania to the iron forges of northern New Jersey and to New York Bay, and to connect the towns along its route with the city of New York. The Delaware and Raritan Canal, from Bordentown to New Brunswick, the Camden and Amboy Railroad, and the New Jersey Railroad were constructed in order to increase transportation facilities between Philadelphia and New York harbor. Now all parts of the state are connected with each other and with those great centers by many railroad lines. The importance of our railroads has been much increased by the development of the West and by the geographical location of the state in the path of direct communication between the western states and the city of New York. All the trunk lines from the Middle West, with one exception, pass through New Jersey, and have terminals in Jersey City, Hoboken, and Weehawken. The state has 2464 miles of railroad, a greater mileage compared with its area than any other state. Besides, there are 1294 miles of electric railway which traverse all parts of the state and connect all important points. [Illustration: Oil refinery and tanks, Elizabethport]