The Ghost-dance religion and the Sioux outbreak of 1890 : $b Fourteenth annual report of the Bureau of Ethnology, part 2.Mooney, James
Religion
The Ghost-dance religion and the Sioux outbreak of 1890 : $b Fourteenth annual report of the Bureau of Ethnology, part 2.
Mooney, James
Dakota Indians -- Wars, 1890-1891; Ghost dance
From a neighboring ranchman, who knew Wovoka well and sometimes
employed him in the working season, I obtained a statement which seems
to explain the whole matter. It appears that a short time before
the prophet began to preach he was stricken down by a severe fever,
during which illness the ranchman frequently visited and ministered to
him. While he was still sick there occurred an eclipse of the sun, a
phenomenon which always excites great alarm among primitive peoples. In
their system the sun is a living being, of great power and beneficence,
and the temporary darkness is caused by an attack on him by some
supernatural monster which endeavors to devour him, and will succeed,
and thus plunge the world into eternal night unless driven off by
incantations and loud noises. On this occasion the Paiute were frantic
with excitement and the air was filled with the noise of shouts and
wailings and the firing of guns, for the purpose of frightening off the
monster that threatened the life of their god. It was now, as Wovoka
stated, “when the sun died,” that he went to sleep in the daytime and
was taken up to heaven. This means simply that the excitement and alarm
produced by the eclipse, acting on a mind and body already enfeebled
by sickness, resulted in delirium, in which he imagined himself to
enter the portals of the spirit world. Constant dwelling on the subject
in thought by day and in dreams by night would effect and perpetuate
the exalted mental condition in which visions of the imagination would
have all the seeming reality of actual occurrences. To those acquainted
with the spiritual nature of Indians and their implicit faith in dreams
all this is perfectly intelligible. His frequent trances would indicate
also that, like so many other religious ecstatics, he is subject to
cataleptic attacks.
I have not been able to settle satisfactorily the date of this eclipse.
From inquiry at the Nautical Almanac office I learn that solar eclipses
visible in Nevada and the adjacent territory from 1884 to 1890 occurred
as follows: 1884, October 18, partial; 1885, March 16, partial; 1886,
March 5, partial; 1887, none; 1888, none; 1889, January 1, total or
partial; 1890, none. The total eclipse of January 1, 1889, agrees best
with his statement to me on New Year’s night, 1892, that it was about
two years since he had gone up to heaven when the sun died. It must
be noted that Indians generally count years by winters instead of by
series of twelve calendar months, a difference which sometimes makes an
apparent discrepancy of nearly a year.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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