[127] Cf. Du Bois’ _Philadelphia Negro_, Chapter 4; Woodson’s _Negro in our History_, pp. 140-1. [128] Brawley, pp. 123-4; _Journal of Negro History_, Vol. 2, pp. 209-28. [129] Brawley, p. 71. [130] Williams’ _Negro Race_, Vol. 2, p. 126. [131] Du Bois’ _John Brown_, pp. 82ff. [132] Cf. Joshua R. Giddings, _Exiles of Florida_, Columbus, Ohio, 1858. [133] Among the first subscribers to Garrison’s _Liberator_ were free Negroes and one report is that the very first paid subscriber was a colored Philadelphia caterer. [134] Livermore, p. 170. [135] Livermore, pp. 125-6. [136] Force’s Archives, 4th series, Vol. 3, p. 1387. [137] Works of John Adams, Vol. 2, p. 428. [138] Livermore, pp. 183, 184. [139] Wilson, pp. 491-92. [140] J. T. Wilson, _The History of the Black Phalanx_, Hartford, 1897, p. 490. [141] Cf. Cromwell, _Negro In American History_, Chapter 2. [142] J. W. Loguen, _As a Slave and as a Freeman_, p. 344. [143] George W. Williams, _History of the Negro Race in America_, New York, 1882, Vol. 1, Chapter 15. [144] Williams, Vol. 1, pp. 250-1. [145] Williams, Vol. 2, pp. 255-7. [146] Williams, Vol. 1, pp. 257-9. [147] Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, Sept. 22, 1862. [148] Atlanta University Publications, Atlanta, Ga., 1906, No. 8, p. 23. [149] John Eaton, _Grant, Lincoln and the Freedmen_, New York, 1907, p. 134. [150] Eaton, 165. [151] Walter L. Fleming, _Documentary History of Reconstruction_, Cleveland, Ohio, 1907, Vol. 1, p. 112. [152] Fleming, Vol. 1, pp. 350-1. [153] Fleming, Vol. 2, p. 382. [154] Report of Carl Schurz to President Johnson, in Senate Exec. Doc. No. 2, 39th Cong., 1st Sess. [155] Brewster, _Sketches of Southern Mystery, Treason and Murder_, p. 116. [156] McPherson, _Reconstruction_, p. 19. [157] Atlanta University Publications, Atlanta, Ga., 1901, No. 6, p. 36. [158] October 7, 1865. [159] McPherson, pp. 52, 56. [160] A. U. Publications, No. 12, p. 38; Cf. also Fleming, Vol. 1, P. 355. [161] Schurz’ Report. [162] House Reports, No. 30, 39th Congress, 1st Session. [163] Schurz’ Report. [164] _Journal of Negro History_, Vol. 5, p. 238. [165] _Journal of Negro History_, Vol. 7, pp. 127ff. [166] _Journal of Negro History_, Vol. 7, p. 424. [167] Jackson, Miss., _Clarion_, April 24, 1873. [168] Walter Allen, _Governor Chamberlain’s Administration in South Carolina_, New York, 1888, p. 82. [169] _Journal of Negro History_, Vol. 7, pp. 127ff. [170] Blaine, _Twenty Years in Congress_, Vol. 2, p. 515. [171] Blaine, _Twenty Years in Congress_, pp. 513-14. [172] Fleming, Vol. 1, pp. 450-1. [173] J. W. Garner, _Reconstruction in Mississippi_, New York, 1901, p. 322. [174] Warley in _Brewster’s Sketches_, p. 150. [175] A Liberal Republican’s description of the S. C. Legislature in 1871, Fleming, Vol. 2, pp. 53-4. [176] Fleming, Vol. 1, pp. 382ff. [177] Some of the Reconstruction Constitutions preceding Negro Suffrage showed tendencies toward democratization among the whites.