The Glaciers of the Alps: Being a narrative of excursions and ascents, an account of the origin and phenomena of glaciers and an exposition of the physical principles to which they are relatedTyndall, John
Science
The Glaciers of the Alps: Being a narrative of excursions and ascents, an account of the origin and phenomena of glaciers and an exposition of the physical principles to which they are related
Tyndall, John
Alps -- Description and travel; Glaciers -- Alps
Further examination taught me that the glacier here is crumpled in a
most singular manner; doubtless by the great pressure to which it is
exposed. The following illustration will convey a notion of its aspect:
Let one hand be laid flat upon a table, palm downwards, and let the
fingers be bent until the space between the first joint and the ends of
the fingers is vertical; one of the crumples to which I refer will then
be represented. The ice seems bent like the fingers, and the crumples of
the glacier are cut by crevasses, which are accurately typified by the
spaces between the fingers. Let the second hand now be placed upon the
first, as the latter is upon the table, so that the tops of the bent
fingers of the second hand shall rest upon the roots of the first: two
crumples would thus be formed; a series of such protuberances, with
steep fronts, follow each other from the base of the Talefre cascade for
some distance downwards.
On Saturday the 1st of August I ascended these rounded terraces in
succession, and observed among them an extremely remarkable disposition
of the structure. Fig. 58 is a section of a series of three of the
crumples, on which the shading lines represent the direction of the blue
veins. At the base of each protuberance I found a seam of white ice
wedged firmly into the glacier, and _each of the seams marked a place of
dislocation of the veins_. The white seams thinned off gradually, and
finally vanished where the violent crumpling of the ice disappeared. In
Fig. 59 I have sketched the wall of a crevasse, which represents what
may be regarded as the incipient crumpling. The undulating line shows
the contour of the surface, and the shading lines the veins. It will be
observed that the direction of the veins yields in conformity with the
undulation of the surface; and an augmentation of the effect would
evidently result in the crumples shown in Fig. 58. The appearance of the
white seams at those places where a dislocation occurred was, as far as
I could observe, invariable; but in a few instances the seams were
observed upon the platforms of the terraces, and also upon their slopes.
The width of a seam was very irregular, varying from a few inches at
some places to three or four feet at others.
[Sidenote: CRUMPLES OF THE TALEFRE.]
[Illustration: Fig. 58. Section of three glacier Crumples.]
[Illustration: Fig. 59. Wall of a crevasse, with incipient crumpling.]
[Sidenote: MOULDS OF WHITE ICE-SEAMS.]
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