28 C. Poensen, “Iets over de kleeding der Javanen,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xx. (1876) pp. 279 _sq._ 29 Rev. J. Doolittle, _Social Life of the Chinese_, edited and revised by the Rev. Paxton Hood (London, 1868), pp. 90 _sq._ 30 Rev. E. M. Gordon, “Some Notes concerning the People of Mungēli Tahsīl, Bilaspur District,” _Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal_, lxxi., Part iii. (Calcutta, 1903) p. 74; _id._, _Indian Folk Tales_ (London, 1908), p. 41. 31 C. B. Klunzinger, _Bilder aus Oberägypten_ (Stuttgart, 1877), pp. 181, 182; _id._, _Upper Egypt, its People and Products_ (London, 1878), pp. 185, 186. 32 R. C. Temple, “Opprobrious Names,” _Indian Antiquary_, x. (1881) pp. 331 _sq._ Compare H. A. Rose, “Hindu Birth Observances in the Punjab,” _Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute_, xxxvii. (1907) p. 234. See also _Panjab Notes and Queries_, vol. iii. August 1886, § 768, pp. 184 _sq._: “The winnowing fan in which a newly-born child is laid, is used on the fifth day for the worship of Satwáí. This makes it impure, and it is henceforward used only for the house-sweepings.” 33 Lieut.-Colonel Gunthorpe, “On the Ghosí or Gaddí Gaolís of the Deccan,” _Journal of the Anthropological Society of Bombay_, i. 45. 34 C. Bock, _Temples and Elephants_ (London, 1884), pp. 258 _sq._ M6 Use of the winnowing-fan to avert evil from children in India, Madagascar, and China. Karen ceremony of fanning away evils from children. 35 S. Mateer, _Native Life in Travancore_ (London, 1883), p. 213. 36 J. Richardson, “Tanala Customs, Superstitions, and Beliefs,” _Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar Magazine, Reprint of the First Four Numbers_ (Antananarivo, 1885), pp. 226 _sq._ 37 Pausanias, ii. 31. 8; K. F. Hermann, _Lehrbuch der gottesdienstlichen Alterthümer der Griechen_2 (Heidelberg, 1858), pp. 132 _sq._, § 23, 25. 38 Rev. J. Doolittle, _Social Life of the Chinese_, edited and revised by the Rev. Paxton Hood (London, 1868), pp. 114 _sq._ The beans used in the ceremony had previously been placed before an image of the goddess of small-pox. 39 Rev. F. Mason, D.D., “Physical Character of the Karens,” _Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal_, New Series, No. cxxxi. (Calcutta, 1866), pp. 9 _sq._ M7 Among the reasons for the use of the winnowing-fan in birth-rites may have been the wish to avert evils and to promote fertility and growth. 40 Servius on Virgil, _Georg._ i. 166: “_Et vannus Iacchi.... Mystica autem Bacchi ideo ait, quod Liberi patris sacra ad purgationem animae pertinebant: et sic homines ejus mysteriis purgabantur, sicut vannis frumenta purgantur._” 41 W. Mannhardt, “Kind und Korn,” _Mythologische Forschungen_ (Strasburg, 1884), pp. 351-374.