[347] Cicer., _De Fato_, c. 9 et 17; Diogenian., _Apud._; Euseb., _Præp. Evan._, l. vi., c. 8. [348] Cicer., _De Natur. Deor._, l. iii., c. 38 et 39. [349] Aul. Gell., l. vi., c. 1. [350] Plutar., _Adv. Stoïc._ [351] The name given to the sect of the Pharisees signifies, in general, that which is enlightened, illumined, glorified, illustrious. It is derived from the root אור (_aor_), the light, governed by the article פה (_phe_), which expresses the emphasis; thence פאר (_phær_), an aureola, a tiara, and פרתמים (_pharethmim_), men illustrious, sublime. The name given to the sect of the Sadducees is derived from the word שד (_shad_) which, expressing all diffusion, all propagation, is applied to productive nature in general, and in particular to a mammal, its symbol among the Egyptians; it signifies properly the Physicists, or the Naturalists. [352] The original name of the Book of Moses is ספר (_sepher_); the name of the _Bible_, that we attribute to it, is derived from the Greek Βίβλος, adopted by the so-called translators of the Septuagint. [353] Joseph., _Antiq._, l. xii., c. 22; l. xiii., c. 9 et 23; l. xvii., c. 3; Budd, _Introd. ad Phil. Hebr._; Basnage, _Histoire des Juifs_, t. i. [354] This is founded upon a great number of passages, of which it will suffice to cite the following. One finds in Amos, ch. iii., v. 6: “Shall there be evil in a city which the Lord hath not done?” And in Ezekiel, ch. xxi., v. 3: “And say to the land of Israel, Thus saith the Lord God: Behold, I come against thee, and I will draw forth my sword out of its sheath, and will cut off in thee the just, and the wicked … against all flesh, from the south even to the north.… That all flesh may know that I the Lord have drawn my sword.” [355] Mohammed said of himself, that he possessed no heavenly treasures, that he was ignorant of the mysteries, that he could say nothing of the essence of the soul (_Koran_, ch. 6 and 17); and as he admitted the literal text of the _Sepher_, he could not do otherwise than announce predestination. “God,” he said, “holds in his hands the keys of the future. He alone knows it.… The nations know not how to retard or to hasten the moment of their downfall” (_Koran_, ch. 6 and 23). [356] _Vitâ Pythag._; Photius, _Bibl. Cod._, 259. [357] Kircher, _Œdip._, t. i., p. 411; _Edda Island Fabl._; Macrob., _Saturn._, l. i., c. 20. [358] Plotin, _Ennead._, iii., 1. 2; Euseb., _Prœp. Evan._, l. iii., c. 9; Macrob., _Somn. Schip._, l. ii., c. 12; Marc. Aurell., l. iv., c. 34.